1 The defendant, Dr Chan Herng Nieng (“Dr Chan”), is a psychiatrist with his own psychiatry practice at Capital Mindhealth Clinic. He has been practising medicine for more than 17 years. ¹

2 The plaintiff, Ms Serene Tiong Sze Yin (“Ms Tiong”), is a Senior Business Development Manager in Precious Medical Centre. ² She met Dr Chan at a social event in or around 21 December 2016. ³ They soon started an intimate relationship in early January 2017. ⁴ At or around the end of April 2018, the relationship took a dramatic turn for the worse after Ms Tiong discovered WhatsApp messages in Dr Chan’s mobile phone which revealed that he had been unfaithful. ⁵ The relationship rapidly went south and Dr Chan decided to end the relationship at the end of May 2018. ⁶

3 From the time they first met in December 2016 to the end of their relationship in May 2018, Dr Chan was a senior consultant psychiatrist at the Department of Psychiatry of the Singapore General Hospital (“SGH”). ⁷

4 This case is, at its core, a lover’s spat. After the relationship of Ms Tiong and Dr Chan came to an end, the actions taken by Ms Tiong resulted in, among others, police investigations against her for attempted extortion. Ms Tiong also complained to the Singapore Medical Council (“SMC”) against Dr Chan and his good friend, Dr Julian Ong Kian Peng (“Dr Ong”). Dr Ong, in turn, sued Ms Tiong for defamation. When Dr Chan spurned Ms Tiong’s love she started a campaign of revenge against Dr Chan and Dr Ong as she concluded that they treated women like sex trophies.

5 Ms Tiong claims that when she and Dr Chan were in a relationship, Dr Chan acted in breach of his duty of care to her as his de facto patient when he gave her Xanax, an addictive drug, which was classified as poison under the Poisons Act (Cap 234, 1999 Rev Ed) (“the Poisons Act”). ⁸ Ms Tiong claims that she suffered side effects from consuming Xanax and became addicted to Xanax. ⁹

6 Ms Tiong claims a further and/or alternative cause of action under the rule in Wilkinson v Downton [1897] 2 QB 57 (“Wilkinson”) for the psychiatric harm Dr Chan allegedly caused to her. She alleges that Dr Chan had told her that he was committed to a long-term and exclusive sexual relationship with her. Subsequently, Ms Tiong suffered a mental and emotional breakdown when she discovered that Dr Chan was having sexual relations with other married women during their relationship. ¹⁰

7 Ms Tiong and Dr Chan first met at a social event on or around 21 December 2016. ¹¹ She was then still married to one Mr Jeremy Ho Wei Chun (“Mr Ho”). ¹² However, the marriage was already on the rocks as Ms Tiong had engaged in an extra-marital affair with one Mr Chris Koh (“Mr Koh”) before she met Dr Chan. The affair with Mr Koh ended in 2016. ¹³ Nevertheless, Ms Tiong filed for divorce against Mr Ho sometime in February 2017. ¹⁴ The divorce was finalised on 20 November 2017. ¹⁵

8 Dr Chan, on the other hand, was not married and he is a bachelor.

9 After the first meeting in December 2016, Ms Tiong and Dr Chan started an intimate relationship in or around January 2017. ¹⁶ The relationship was generally smooth from January 2017 until April 2018. They would regularly spend time together and engage in physical intimacy. ¹⁷

10 From 7 April 2018 to 25 April 2018, Ms Tiong and Dr Chan went on a trip to Eastern Europe (“the Eastern Europe Trip”). ¹⁸ On or around the night of 22 April 2018, while Dr Chan was asleep, Ms Tiong unlocked Dr Chan’s mobile phone using his thumbprint. Ms Tiong then accessed Dr Chan’s WhatsApp conversations with his close friend, Dr Ong, a colorectal surgeon who operates Julian Ong Endoscopy & Surgery Pte Ltd (“JOES”). ¹⁹ The conversations contained sordid details which strongly suggested that Dr Chan and Dr Ong were leading highly promiscuous lifestyles by having sexual intercourse with other married women, sometimes in groups (“the Whatsapp Messages”): ²⁰

11 Aggrieved that Dr Chan was physically intimate with other women, Ms Tiong took screenshots of the Whatsapp Messages (“the Screenshots”) and confronted Dr Chan with the Screenshots. ²¹

12 On 25 April 2018, after Ms Tiong and Dr Chan returned from the Eastern Europe Trip, their relationship began to break down irretrievably. Although Ms Tiong intended to continue with her relationship with Dr Chan with a view to marrying him, Dr Chan was not keen to continue with the relationship. When it was clear to Ms Tiong that Dr Chan wanted to end the relationship, she took matters into her own hands to seek revenge on Dr Chan. Between 29 May 2018 and June 2018, Ms Tiong demanded from Dr Chan a Cartier watch and $10,000, which was later increased to $150,000. She also sent the Screenshots to Dr Chan’s family members. ²² Subsequently, Dr Chan made a police report against Ms Tiong for extortion. He stopped responding to Ms Tiong on or around 31 May 2018. This marked the end of Ms Tiong and Dr Chan’s relationship. ²³

13 On 15 January 2020, the Singapore Police Force (“SPF”) issued Ms Tiong a written warning in lieu of prosecution for the offence of attempted extortion under s 385 of the Penal Code (Cap 224, 2008 Rev Ed) (“the Penal Code”). ²⁴

14 During their relationship, Dr Chan gave Ms Tiong Xanax tablets to help her cope with her anxiety. ²⁵ Xanax, also known as Alprazolam, is listed as a poisonous substance under the Schedule to the Poisons Act. ²⁶ Dr Chan did not register Ms Tiong as his patient at the time he provided her Xanax. ²⁷

15 By virtue of his profession, Dr Chan was in a position to procure Xanax from the SGH. Upon Dr Chan’s request, his colleague, Associate Professor Lee Tih Shih, prescribed him Xanax. Dr Chan then gave Xanax to Ms Tiong without registering Ms Tiong as his patient of SGH. ²⁸

16 While the following background developments relating to Ms Tiong and Dr Chan’s history are strictly speaking not material to the case at hand, they are relevant to understand the context of the parties’ relationship. Thus, I shall briefly narrate the background history of the parties’ disputes which came about after Dr Chan ended the relationship with Ms Tiong.

17 On 18 June 2018, Ms Tiong lodged a complaint against Dr Chan to the Disciplinary Tribunal of the SMC. In the complaint, Ms Tiong stated that Dr Chan had failed to highlight the side effects of Xanax and even increased the dosage of Xanax when she raised concerns (“the SMC Complaint”). ²⁹

18 Between 19 and 23 June 2018, Ms Tiong sent emails attaching the SMC Complaint to several of Dr Chan’s colleagues, claiming, inter alia, that Dr Chan and Dr Ong were colluding “to take advantage of other vulnerable woman patients” (“the Defamatory Emails”) (see Ong Kian Peng Julian v Serene Tiong Sze Yin [2020] SGDC 94 (“the Defamation Suit”) at [4(a)]).

19 In February 2022, the SMC notified Ms Tiong that it was suspending Dr Chan for five months. Dr Chan has lodged an appeal against the decision. ³⁰

20 Dr Ong brought a claim in libel against Ms Tiong for disseminating the Defamatory Emails to others. In the Defamation Suit, the district judge (“DJ”) dismissed Dr Ong’s claim in libel on the basis that Ms Tiong had successfully proven the defence of justification. The DJ’s ruling was overturned on appeal. In Ong Kian Peng Julian v Tiong Sze Yin Serene [2021] 3 SLR 980 (“the Defamation Appeal”), See Kee Oon J found at [85] that Ms Tiong failed in her defence of justification. There was insufficient evidence that Dr Chan capitalised on his trusted position as a doctor to target Ms Tiong, as Ms Tiong was in an existing intimate relationship with Dr Chan which developed well before she became Dr Chan’s de facto patient (the Defamation Appeal at [54]).

21 On 25 September 2019, Ms Tiong bought the minimum traded lot of 100 shares in HC Surgical Specialists Ltd (“the Company”), a company seeking to acquire 19% of the shares in JOES (Dr Ong’s company), with a view to attending the Company’s annual general meeting to convey her concerns about its acquisition of the 19% stake in JOES. On 27 May 2020, Ms Tiong commenced a statutory derivative action under s 216A(2) of the Companies Act (Cap 50, 2006 Rev Ed) seeking leave to bring an action in the name of the Company against its chief executive officer (“CEO”), alleging that the CEO had breached his director’s duties in connection with the Company’s acquisition of the 19% stake in JOES.

22 In Tiong Sze Yin Serene v HC Surgical Specialists Ltd and another [2020] SGHC 201 (“the Derivative Action Suit”), Chua Lee Ming J dismissed the application. Chua J found, inter alia, that Ms Tiong had failed to discharge her burden of proof that she was acting in good faith. Chua J also observed that she was “so motivated by vendetta, perceived or oral, that [her] judgment will be clouded by purely personal considerations” (the Derivative Action Suit at [76]).

23 In Civil Appeal No 129 of 2020 (“CA 129”), the Court of Appeal upheld Chua J’s decision to dismiss Ms Tiong’s claim, finding that Ms Tiong’s claim was “wholly unmeritorious”.

24 Ms Tiong’s primary claim is that Dr Chan, as her de facto doctor, owed her a duty of care to ensure that she would not be addicted to Xanax. Dr Chan breached his duty of care when he freely gave Xanax to Ms Tiong without (a) ascertaining the suitability of Xanax for her; and (b) ensuring that she would not become addicted to Xanax. Ms Tiong argues that Dr Chan supplied Xanax and Trazodone, which is also listed in the Schedule to the Poisons Act, to her in a “free and easy manner” ³¹ for “recreational, rather than prescriptive, use”, as he failed to first assess that Ms Tiong was indeed suffering from Generalised Anxiety Disorder (“GAD”) before prescribing the drugs. ³² He also failed to caution her against drug dependency and to keep clinical notes. ³³ The fact that she and Dr Chan were in an intimate relationship during the material time made her a vulnerable patient, as she believed that Dr Chan would be attentive to her medical needs. ³⁴

25 According to Ms Tiong, Dr Chan gave her one strip of Xanax tablets (ie, ten tablets of Xanax) per month from February 2017 to March 2018 and approximately 100 tablets of Xanax per month for April and May 2018. ³⁵ However, I must highlight that during the trial, Ms Tiong resiled from this pleaded position on the number of Xanax tablets that Dr Chan gave to her. The exact number of Xanax tablets Dr Chan gave to Ms Tiong is one of the key factual issues of the trial and I shall consider it in full at [93]–[108] below.

26 Ms Tiong also argues that Dr Chan neglected and completely abandoned his continuing duty of care to treat her medical condition when he ended their personal relationship at or around the end of May 2018. ³⁶ Dr Chan should have registered her as a patient of another psychiatrist if he wished to have sexual relations with her. ³⁷

27 As a result of Dr Chan’s breach of his duty of care, Ms Tiong suffered damage in that she became addicted to Xanax and suffered “side effects of the high dosages of drugs given to [her] by Dr Chan”. ³⁸ These side effects include, in the short term, drowsiness, confusion and slurred speech, and in the long term, cognitive difficulties and aggression. ³⁹ Her increased aggression is evident from the manner in which Ms Tiong confronted Dr Chan at his clinic in front of his staff and patients on 13 June 2018. ⁴⁰

28 Ms Tiong’s alternative cause of action is based on the rule in Wilkinson. Ms Tiong argues that Dr Chan induced her to enter into and/or continue with their relationship by intentionally informing her that “he was committed to having a long-term and exclusive sexual relationship with her” (“the Statement”). Dr Chan made the Statement sometime around February 2017 and repeated the Statement on numerous occasions. ⁴¹ By virtue of the Statement, Ms Tiong entered into an intimate relationship with Dr Chan. ⁴² To support her claim that Dr Chan made the Statement, Ms Tiong relies on WhatsApp text messages exchanged between her and Dr Chan in November 2017, some nine months after Dr Chan made the Statement, where Dr Chan repeatedly threatened to end his relationship with Ms Tiong as she had violated his trust that they were seeing and having sexual relations exclusively with each other. They only patched up their relationship when Ms Tiong promised to cut off any further contact with her “exes”, namely Mr Ho and Mr Koh. ⁴³ I pause to note that Ms Tiong has not specified the exact Whatsapp message(s) she relies on as supporting evidence to suggest that Dr Chan made the Statement.

29 Ms Tiong avers that Dr Chan knew that the Statement was false based on the following grounds. First, the WhatsApp Messages between Dr Chan and Dr Ong show that Dr Chan was in fact having sexual relations with multiple women while he was in a relationship with Ms Tiong. ⁴⁴ Therefore, he knew that the Statement was false when he made it. Second, during the Defamation Suit, Dr Chan admitted that he had sexual intercourse with another woman, E, while he was still in a relationship with Ms Tiong (the Defamation Suit at [20(c)]). Dr Chan also admitted during cross-examination that (a) Dr Ong had asked him for someone to bring to a sex party; and (b) Dr Ong had suggested that Dr Chan invite Ms Tiong to engage in a foursome with them. ⁴⁵

30 Ms Tiong argues that Dr Chan had no justification or reasonable excuse for making the Statement knowing it was false. In other words, Dr Chan actually had no intention to be in an exclusive relationship with Ms Tiong or consider marriage with her. Ms Tiong avers that Dr Chan’s sole motive in making the Statement was to induce her to have sexual relations with him. ⁴⁶ Subsequently, she was induced into sexual intimacy with Dr Chan by the promise of a long-term exclusive relationship. ⁴⁷

31 Ms Tiong discovered that the Statement was false when she read the WhatsApp Messages on or around the night of 22 April 2018. As a result of the discovery, Ms Tiong suffered adjustment disorder with anxiety. ⁴⁸

32 Ms Tiong argues that Dr Chan intended to cause her psychiatric harm by making the Statement which he knew to be false. Ms Tiong points to the following facts: ⁴⁹

(a) When Dr Chan made the Statement, Dr Chan knew that Ms Tiong was experiencing turmoil in her marriage;

(b) Dr Chan was well aware that Ms Tiong was suffering from anxiety;

(c) Dr Chan and Ms Tiong were in a de facto doctor-patient relationship; and

(d) Therefore, Dr Chan was well aware that Ms Tiong was in a vulnerable state and any further mental or emotional distress would cause her psychiatric harm.

33 Dr Chan does not dispute that as a medical professional, he owed a duty of care to Ms Tiong to ensure that Xanax provided was appropriate for her consumption and would not cause her harm. ⁵⁰ However, Dr Chan argues that he did not breach his duty of care to (a) ascertain the suitability of Xanax for her; or (b) ensure that she would not be addicted to Xanax. Dr Chan argues that Xanax was indeed suitable for Ms Tiong’s consumption, based on, inter alia, the following:

(a) Ms Tiong was prescribed Xanax by subsequent psychiatrists that she consulted after the fallout of her relationship with Dr Chan sometime end of May 2018. ⁵¹ It is incredible that Ms Tiong would continue to be prescribed Xanax by different psychiatrists or that she would continue to procure Xanax from different psychiatrists if she suffered side effects from consuming Xanax. ⁵²

(b) The contemporaneous communications exchanged between Ms Tiong and Dr Chan do not support Ms Tiong’s assertion that she suffered side effects from her consumption of Xanax. ⁵³

34 Dr Chan claims that in or around the second week of May 2018, Ms Tiong told him that she was experiencing bouts of anxiety and verbally requested that he gave Xanax to her. He alleges that Ms Tiong observed that he had taken Xanax to help him rest during the Eastern Europe Trip. ⁵⁴ He first provided her with one tablet of Xanax. When Ms Tiong found Xanax to be good and there were no side effects, Dr Chan gave her another 13 tablets of Xanax for short-term use. ⁵⁵ Dr Chan denied giving Ms Tiong the large quantity of Xanax as alleged by her. Furthermore, Dr Chan asserts that the large quantity of Xanax Ms Tiong alleged Dr Chan had provided to her significantly exceeds the quantity of Xanax procured by Dr Chan from SGH, as evinced by the SGH’s prescriptions of Xanax for Dr Chan. ⁵⁶

35 In any case, even on Ms Tiong’s account of the quantity of Xanax provided to her, there is no evidence that the quantity of Xanax is inappropriate. This is because any associated risk of dependency from the quantity of Xanax she alleged was provided to her is low. ⁵⁷ In fact, Ms Tiong was prescribed an even larger quantity of Xanax than what she claims Dr Chan had given her over a shorter period of time by one Dr Lee Kae Meng Thomas (“Dr Thomas Lee”), a psychiatrist from Resilienz Clinic Pte Ltd (“Resilienz Clinic”) she consulted after her relationship with Dr Chan had ended. ⁵⁸

36 Dr Chan denies that Ms Tiong suffered any damage, ⁵⁹ and avers that Ms Tiong has failed to prove that whatever alleged damage she has suffered was caused by Dr Chan’s breach of duty. ⁶⁰

37 Dr Chan submits that Ms Tiong’s claim under the rule in Wilkinson is “clearly unmeritorious”. ⁶¹ First, there is no evidence to prove that Dr Chan made the Statement. The Statement appears to be a figment of Ms Tiong’s imagination. ⁶² Second, “there is no basis to suggest [the Statement] was made with the intention to cause [Ms Tiong] physical harm”. ⁶³ Third, Ms Tiong “also falls short of demonstrating that she suffered physical harm as a result of [Dr Chan] conveying the Statement to [her]”. ⁶⁴

38 Essentially, Dr Chan submits that Ms Tiong’s case is founded on bare assertions and is aimed at furthering her personal agenda against Dr Chan. ⁶⁵ Dr Chan points to, among others, Ms Tiong’s (a) attempts to extort money from him while threatening to tarnish his reputation; (b) harassment of his family and colleagues at SGH; (c) surreptitious recording of her conversations with him; (d) sending of emails enclosing the SMC Complaint to various doctors in his previous workplace at SGH; and (e) purchase of shares in the Company in order to commence the Derivative Action Suit against its CEO to stop the Company from acquiring 19% stake in JOES. ⁶⁶

39 Initially, before the commencement of the trial, Ms Tiong intended to call two medical experts to testify for her. They are Dr Thomas Lee from Resilienz Clinic and Dr Wong Meng Kong from the Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia. On the other hand, Dr Chan wanted to call Dr Rasaiah Munidasa Winslow from Winslow Clinic, Promises Healthcare as his expert witness. Eventually, the parties decided not to call their respective experts as they had agreed to be bound by the evidence of a single joint expert. The parties came to an agreement to appoint Dr Lim Yun Chin (“Dr Lim”), a consultant in psychological medicine at Raffles Hospital, as their common joint expert. Dr Lim gave evidence on, inter alia, the applicable ethical rules binding medical professionals like Dr Chan and the risks of Xanax consumption, including the chances of addiction.

40  Dr Chan agreed that he owed Ms Tiong a duty of care to ensure Xanax was appropriate for Ms Tiong’s consumption even though she was not his registered patient of SGH. Thus, it is not necessary for the court to determine whether Dr Chan owed Ms Tiong a duty of care when he gave her Xanax. The main issues regarding the claim that Dr Chan breached his duty of care to Ms Tiong are as follows:

(a) Would a reasonably experienced psychiatrist in Dr Chan’s position (ie, who was in an intimate relationship with Ms Tiong) administer Xanax to Ms Tiong?

(b) How many tablets of Xanax did Dr Chan give to Ms Tiong, and across what period of time?

(c) Would a reasonably experienced psychiatrist in Dr Chan’s position have foreseen that Ms Tiong would become addicted to Xanax based on the number of tablets given by Dr Chan?

(d) If Dr Chan had breached his duty of care to Ms Tiong, did the breach result in harm to Ms Tiong?

41 The main issues regarding the claim under the rule in Wilkinson are as follows: ⁶⁷

(a) Did Dr Chan make the Statement?

(b) Was Ms Tiong induced by the Statement to enter into and/or continue with their sexual relationship?

(c) Did Dr Chan, when making the Statement, intend to cause Ms Tiong psychiatric harm?

(d) Did Ms Tiong suffer psychiatric harm as a result of her discovery that the Statement was false?

42 The present case involves an interesting application of otherwise trite tort law principles, ie, the duty of care owed by a doctor to his patient who is simultaneously his paramour. Therefore, it is useful to outline the applicable principles in greater detail.

43 It is axiomatic that to establish a claim under the tort of negligence, the claimant must demonstrate that (a) the defendant owes the claimant a duty of care; (b) the defendant breaches this duty of care by acting (or omitting to act) below the standard of care required of him; (c) the defendant’s breach of duty caused the claimant to suffer losses; (d) the claimant’s losses are not too remote; and (e) such losses can be adequately proved and quantified (Spandeck Engineering (S) Pte Ltd v Defence Science & Technology Agency [2007] 4 SLR(R) 100 (“Spandeck”) at [21], citing Clerk & Lindsell on Torts (Sweet & Maxwell, 19th Ed, 2006) at para 8-04).

44 In Spandeck at [73]–[85], the Court of Appeal laid down the applicable test to determine the existence of a duty of care:

(a) First, the claimant has to satisfy the threshold question of factual foreseeability, ie, whether the defendant ought to have known that the claimant would suffer damage from his carelessness.

(b) Second, there must be sufficient legal proximity between the claimant and the defendant for a duty of care to arise.

(c) Third, if the first two questions are answered in the affirmative, the prima facie duty that arises should not be negated by countervailing policy considerations.

45 As for the standard of care that the defendant in cases of medical negligence is held to, the applicable law is derived from Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582 (“Bolam”) and Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [1998] AC 232 (“Bolitho”). The Court of Appeal in Hii Chii Kok v Ooi Peng Jin London Lucien and another [2017] 2 SLR 492 (“Hii Chii Kok”) held at [101]–[102] that the Bolam test with the Bolitho addendum (“the Bolam-Bolitho test”) applies to determine the standard of care in the context of diagnosis and treatment. A summary of the Bolam-Bolitho test was provided at [76] of Hii Chii Kok and I reproduce the relevant excerpts below:

46 I observe at the outset that Dr Chan also does not dispute that he owes a duty of care to Ms Tiong. Accordingly, whether Dr Chan and Ms Tiong was in a de facto doctor-patient relationship may not be pertinent as that inquiry goes only towards supporting Ms Tiong’s case that Dr Chan owed her a duty of care. Therefore, the only issue that is before me is whether Dr Chan has breached his duty of care owed to Ms Tiong by giving her Xanax.

47 During the trial, Ms Tiong relied heavily on the SMC Ethical Code and Ethical Guidelines (2016 Edition) (“the ECEG”) and Dr Chan’s admission during the Defamation Suit that he acted in breach of the ECEG by giving medication to Ms Tiong. ⁶⁸

48 The Introduction and Preamble of the ECEG states as follows:

49 It is clear from the above that the ECEG was developed with input from members of the medical profession and is influential in guiding a doctor’s exercise of his or her clinical judgment. Dr Lim also confirmed that the ECEG is applicable to psychiatrists. ⁶⁹

50 In Ang Peng Tiam v Singapore Medical Council and another matter [2017] 5 SLR 356 (“Ang Peng Tiam”) at [78], the High Court with three Judges observed the following of the SMC Ethical Code and Ethical Guidelines (2002 Edition):

51 Reading the above extract together with the Introduction and Preamble of the ECEG cited at [48] above, it is clear that the ECEG functions as a guide for doctors in the exercise of their clinical judgment. A breach of the ECEG does not ipso facto lead to the automatic conclusion that a doctor has acted in breach of the general professional standard, though it may suggest that the general professional standard may not have been complied with. Thus, a professional conduct guide serves as a common accepted practice for professionals in that particular industry to adhere to unless there are good reasons not to do so. While a professional conduct guide may inform the court as to the applicable standard of care that may be expected of that professional, that is not the be all and end all. An inquiry as to whether a professional has breached his or her standard of care is ultimately a fact-centric inquiry that requires the court to consider all the circumstances of the case. Indeed, in Johnson v Bingley [1997] PNLR 392, the English High Court held with respect to the UK Law Society’s Guide that a breach of the rules in that guide does not ipso facto and of necessity lead to the conclusion that the solicitor was negligent.

52 Therefore, this instant case is not about whether Dr Chan had breached the professional standard of a psychiatrist when he gave Ms Tiong Xanax. The governing body that regulates and polices the professional conduct of psychiatrists is the SMC. Instead, Ms Tiong’s claim is that Dr Chan was negligent when he gave her Xanax. This resulted in her experiencing several side effects and her consequential addiction to Xanax. In the course of the trial, Ms Tiong’s counsel spent a considerable amount of time to show that Dr Chan had breached the ECEG when he gave Xanax to Ms Tiong. Ms Tiong alleges that she is Dr Chan’s de facto patient.

53 In my view, as I have reiterated above, the central issue is not whether Dr Chan had breached the professional standard as prescribed by the ECEG. Instead, the issue is whether Dr Chan was negligent when he gave Ms Tiong Xanax. Turning to this inquiry, there can be a situation in which Dr Chan could have complied with the ECEG to the very letter and therefore did not breach any professional standard, but could still be negligent in giving Ms Tiong Xanax. Conversely, there can be a situation in which Dr Chan could have breached the ECEG and yet not be negligent in giving Ms Tiong Xanax. In addition, there can be a situation in which Dr Chan could have breached the professional standard and also be negligent in giving Xanax to Ms Tiong. This third scenario is Ms Tiong’s allegation. In this situation, the court should not be concerned about whether Dr Chan breached his professional standard but should focus on whether Dr Chan was negligent when he gave Ms Tiong Xanax.

54 However, as Ms Tiong spent a considerable amount of time at the trial and in her submissions alleging that Dr Chan had breached his professional standard, I shall examine this matter, although I stress that it is clearly not relevant to the outcome of her claim.

55 Ms Tiong argues that Dr Chan breached the following Guidelines in the ECEG when he passed her the Xanax tablets prescribed to him by SGH: ⁷⁰

56 Counsel for Ms Tiong also made reference to the SMC Handbook on Medical Ethics (2016 Edition) (“the Handbook”) at B1.2, which appears to be inconsistent with ECEG Guideline B1.5. The Handbook states as follows at B1.2: ⁷¹

57 Counsel for Ms Tiong accepted that when the Handbook conflicts with the ECEG, the latter prevails. ⁷² The Preface to the Handbook makes this clear:

58 Therefore, in my assessment of whether the general professional standard has been breached, I place greater weight on the ECEG. My reliance on the Handbook is limited to when the meaning of the ECEG is unclear.

59 Together with the ECEG Guidelines reproduced at [55] above, Ms Tiong also relies on Dr Lim’s expert opinion that Dr Chan “ought to have formalized [sic] her treatment according to the SMC Guidelines or refer [her] to his colleagues” if Dr Chan deemed her to suffer from an adjustment disorder with anxiety. ⁷³ Ms Tiong also relies heavily on Dr Lim’s expert evidence as follows: ⁷⁴

Ms Tiong relies on the expert evidence of Dr Lim to argue that the standard of care of a doctor when treating his loved ones “should be higher than if they were just ordinary patients”. ⁷⁵ She claims that Dr Chan had “[f]ailed to observe a low threshold for referring out when she was emotionally affected by discovering his unfaithfulness through the lurid details from the [S]creenshots” [emphasis in original]. ⁷⁶

60 Dr Chan claims that while he did conduct a psychiatric assessment on Ms Tiong, he did not deem Ms Tiong to be suffering from “any psychiatric disorder, be it an anxiety disorder or adjustment disorder”, although she might have symptoms of anxiety, stress, chest discomfort, shortness of breath and had trouble sleeping. ⁷⁷

61 Considering the ECEG Guidelines cited at [55] above together with Dr Lim’s expert evidence, I find that Dr Chan’s conduct is consistent with and does not infringe the ECEG.

62 First, according to Dr Lim, ECEG Guideline B1.5 provides that doctors may treat a loved one not registered as a patient if the loved one suffers from a “minor condition”. ⁷⁸ Dr Lim also opined in his expert report that “[t]he nuances from this statement seem to me that there are rules but no rulebook”. ⁷⁹ In court, he explained the preceding sentence as follows: ⁸⁰

63 It is clear from Dr Lim’s testimony that there is no blanket rule prohibiting doctors from providing medical care to their loved ones. On the contrary, ECEG Guideline B1.5 is a permissive rule specifying that doctors may provide medical care to their loved ones where the patient suffers from “stable conditions, minor conditions, or in an urgent/emergency situation when no other suitable doctor is available in a timely manner.” According to Dr Lim’s expert report, the question is whether the patient’s condition fell within one of these descriptions in the view of the doctor at the time he assessed the patient: ⁸¹

64 According to Dr Chan, he observed that Ms Tiong suffered from symptoms of anxiety, but did not suffer from a psychiatric disorder: ⁸²

65 Given Dr Chan’s view that Ms Tiong did not suffer from a psychiatric disorder, it can be inferred that Dr Chan assessed Ms Tiong to be suffering from, at best, a minor condition. This is consonant with Dr Lim’s expert report: ⁸³

66 According to Dr Lim, the term “self-limiting” describes disorders that run their course in a short-lived manner, ie, only over a brief period of time. ⁸⁴ An example of a self-limiting minor episode is infrequent anxiety attacks. ⁸⁵ A patient suffering from a self-limiting minor episode would recover without treatment. ⁸⁶ Dr Lim’s expert evidence supports Dr Chan’s own testimony that he deemed Ms Tiong to only be suffering from symptoms of anxiety, a minor condition, and not a formal psychiatric disorder. Accordingly, Dr Chan’s prescription of Xanax to Ms Tiong falls within the permissive rule in ECEG Guideline B1.5.

67 Further, Dr Lim also gave evidence that he would have been similarly prepared to prescribe Xanax to a loved one: ⁸⁷

68 Having regard to the above, Dr Chan did not breach ECEG Guideline B1.5 when he gave Xanax to Ms Tiong. It follows that Ms Tiong’s claim that Dr Chan’s prescription of Xanax to her ran afoul of ECEG Guideline B5, ⁸⁸ which is a general statement that doctors must only prescribe medicines to “patients under [their] care”, fails. In any case, I note that Ms Tiong was not registered as Dr Chan’s patient and is best characterised as a loved one. Thus, the applicable rule would be ECEG Guideline B1.5 and not ECEG Guideline B5.1.

69 As for ECEG Guideline B1.1, the explanatory note in the Handbook provides that doctors “need to be careful not to allow [their] personal prejudices and biases to influence [their] management of [their] patients”. In a similar vein, it is clear that ECEG Guideline B1.1 does not equate to a blanket rule against providing medical care for one’s loved ones. The key inquiry is whether there is evidence that the doctor displayed any personal bias towards his loved one which had a causative link to his management of that person.

70 As stated at [64]–[65] above, Dr Chan had conducted a psychiatric assessment of Ms Tiong and in his judgment, found it appropriate to treat her. There is no evidence that any personal biases had crept into this assessment. In his expert report, Dr Lim also expressed an objective opinion on Dr Chan’s prescription of Xanax to Ms Tiong: ⁸⁹

71 As for ECEG Guideline B1.4, I am of the view that Xanax is neither a “controlled drug” nor a drug “with significant potential for dependence or psychiatric care”. Parties agree that the term “controlled drug” has a specific legal definition in the Misuse of Drugs Act 1973 (2020 Rev Ed), and that Xanax is not a “controlled drug”. ⁹⁰ As for the second definition, Dr Lim opined in his expert report that the risk of dependency associated with Ms Tiong’s own consumption rate of Xanax in the quantities she alleged is low and the daily intake is “still within the recommended maximum daily dose by the international authorities”. ⁹¹ Dr Chan similarly gave evidence that the risk of dependency associated with Ms Tiong’s consumption of Xanax he gave is low. ⁹² According to Dr Chan, his provision of limited quantities of Xanax for a short period of time does not amount to providing psychiatric care. ⁹³ Given Dr Lim’s expert evidence, which the parties agreed to be bound, the quantity of Xanax allegedly taken by Ms Tiong would not result in “significant potential for dependence or psychiatric care” [emphasis added].

72 During the course of the trial, counsel for Ms Tiong continually placed emphasis on the fact that Xanax (Alprazolam) is listed in the Schedule to the Poisons Act. The mere fact that Xanax is listed in the Schedule to the Poisons Act does not mean it is a drug with “significant potential for dependence or psychiatric care”. As counsel for Dr Chan points out, numerous other common drugs are listed in the Schedule to the Poisons Act, such as Amoxycillin which is an antibiotic commonly used to treat bacterial infections; Simvastatin which is commonly given to lower cholesterol; and Cetirizine, also known as Zyrtec, an over-the-counter anti-histamine which can be bought from local pharmacies without a prescription. ⁹⁴ The Schedule to the Poisons Act also lists Salbutamol, otherwise known as Ventolin, which Dr Lim noted that “doctors often administer to their significant other only to be used when the latter has breathing problems”. ⁹⁵

73 The above analysis at [62]–[69] also puts to rest Ms Tiong’s claim that Dr Chan acted in breach of ECEG Guideline B1.4. It is clear from Dr Lim’s testimony and the overall tenor of the ECEG that doctors are granted a certain degree of latitude and discretion to determine whether it would be appropriate to treat a loved one.

74 Ms Tiong claims that Dr Chan breached ECEG Guideline C4 by continuing to have sexual relations with her after providing medication to her.

75 I agree with the counsel for Dr Chan that Ms Tiong’s interpretation of ECEG Guideline C4 is untenable. Dr Chan and Ms Tiong were lovers before he started to give Xanax to her. I agree with Dr Chan’s counsel that it cannot be the case that a doctor who provides medication to his wife to assist her in managing short-term symptoms such as difficulty in sleeping can no longer have sexual relations with her as she would become his “patient”. ⁹⁶ The correct understanding of this provision is that doctors are prohibited from entering into a sexual relationship with their patients, ie, the situation where the doctor comes to know the patient in his professional capacity as the treating physician. I agree that this prohibition does not apply when a doctor provides medication to a loved one whom they already have a pre-existing sexual relationship with, like in this instant case. ⁹⁷

76 Ms Tiong argues that Dr Chan had breached ECEG Guideline B3 by failing to maintain clear and accurate medical records when he provided Xanax to Ms Tiong. The failure to maintain proper clinical records is completely irrelevant to the issue of whether Dr Chan was negligent when he gave Xanax to Ms Tiong. As I have stated above, this is a matter going towards the professional conduct of psychiatrists and which is only relevant in an inquiry before a tribunal convened by the SMC.

77 Be that as it may, this argument is in any case contradicted by Dr Lim’s joint expert report. Dr Lim states in his report that it is not necessary to maintain contemporaneous medical records when providing short-term, infrequent treatment. ⁹⁸ When questioned by Ms Tiong’s counsel (Mr Ong), Dr Lim also noted that Dr Chan was not required to carry clinical notes when he provided Xanax to Ms Tiong as this was done through an “out-of-office consultation between a couple”: ⁹⁹

78 Finally, Ms Tiong argues that Dr Chan acted in breach of the general professional standard by continuing to give her Xanax even though she attempted suicide in front of him during the Eastern Europe Trip. ¹⁰⁰ I note that this point does not appear to be tied to any of the Guidelines in the ECEG, but appears to be premised on Dr Chan’s general duties as a psychiatrist.

79 Ms Tiong’s attempted suicide in front of Dr Chan is suspect and unsupported by evidence. Though Dr Chan admitted that there was “an incident in Prague” with “a knife”, he denied that it was a violent or suicidal episode. He claimed to have disarmed Ms Tiong “very quickly” and could not confirm that Ms Tiong was holding the knife to her throat. ¹⁰¹

80 In any event, Ms Tiong’s assertion is unsupported by contemporaneous evidence. There was no mention of Ms Tiong attempting suicide in the transcripts of the WhatsApp conversations between Ms Tiong and Dr Chan. Further, Ms Tiong’s claim that she attempted suicide after discovering the WhatsApp Messages between Dr Chan and Dr Ong is incongruous with her desire to still marry Dr Chan, in spite of the salacious contents in the WhatsApp Messages (see [170] below). Ms Tiong has failed to establish, on a balance of probabilities, that she had attempted suicide in front of Dr Chan in the first place. I also accept the oral closing submission of counsel for Dr Chan that this allegation did not feature in any of Ms Tiong’s pleadings or her affidavit of evidence-in-chief. ¹⁰² Accordingly, this argument is a non-starter and completely irrelevant.

81 Having regard to the totality of the circumstances and the evidence before me, I find that Dr Chan did not act in breach of the general professional standard when he gave Xanax to Ms Tiong, his then-girlfriend, without registering her as his patient. Dr Chan’s actions were consistent with ECEG Guidelines B1, B3, B5 and C4.

82 Counsel for Ms Tiong raised belatedly during reply submissions that Dr Lim’s objectivity as a joint expert was in doubt as he, inter alia: ¹⁰³

83 I reiterate that parties agreed to be bound by the findings of Dr Lim well before the commencement of the trial. Seen in this light, Ms Tiong cannot now turn around and object to the court’s full consideration of Dr Lim’s evidence on the grounds that the expert evidence he gave was unfavourable to her case. In any event, I find that the alleged shortcomings in Dr Lim’s evidence raised by Ms Tiong at [82] above do not raise any doubts as to the objectivity of his evidence. On the contrary, it is in fact internally consistent with his evidence that “the literature on ethics is clear that physicians have the ultimate say in what they are and are not comfortable with”. ¹⁰⁴ It also comports with the High Court’s observations in Ang Peng Tiam that the ECEG is meant to assist a doctor’s exercise of his clinical judgment (see [50] above). I, therefore, find that Dr Lim’s evidence is credible and objective, and continue to accord considerable weight to his expert evidence. In any event, I note that counsel for Ms Tiong states, in his oral closing submissions, that he “unreservedly withdraw any allegation that [Dr Lim] was biased”. ¹⁰⁵

84 Dr Lim wrote in his report that “[w]ithout knowledge of the dosage used per day and how long the duration was the 90 tablets used, it would not be possible to evaluate the risk of tolerance or physical dependency”. ¹⁰⁶ Thus, the length of time for which Ms Tiong was given Xanax by Dr Chan is a critical issue. Ms Tiong claims that Dr Chan started providing Xanax to her sometime in the first half of 2017, while Dr Chan claims that he only provided Xanax to Ms Tiong once in early May 2018.

85 I find that Dr Chan’s version of the facts should be preferred over Ms Tiong’s version. I shall now explain the reasons for my conclusion.

86 Ms Tiong’s evidence on this crucial pillar of her case was gravely inconsistent and irreconcilable. She gave at least five different and inconsistent versions of when Dr Chan first provided her with Xanax:

87 Ms Tiong gave eight different versions on the critical issues of (a) the frequency with which Dr Chan purportedly gave her Xanax and (b) the quantity of Xanax she received from Dr Chan. I summarise these different versions ¹¹³ in tabular form and attach as Annex 1 to this Judgment. Counsel for Ms Tiong reviewed the tabular summary and confirmed that it accurately reflected Ms Tiong’s various positions during the course of the proceedings. ¹¹⁴

88 Ms Tiong herself agreed that she gave inconsistent evidence on oath regarding when Dr Chan first provided her with Xanax. ¹¹⁵ The fact that Ms Tiong gave so many different and inconsistent versions pertaining to this critical issue was highly troubling and raised serious doubts about her reliability and credibility as a witness. Further, Ms Tiong’s claim that Dr Chan started prescribing her Xanax in the first half of 2017 is inconsistent with the contemporaneous evidence.

89 First, during the course of their relationship, Ms Tiong and Dr Chan exchanged WhatsApp messages almost on a daily basis. ¹¹⁶ However, the transcripts of the WhatsApp messages between Ms Tiong and Dr Chan over the course of their 16-month relationship only contained one mention of Xanax on 8 May 2018 which is not disputed: ¹¹⁷

90 Second, there was no mention of Xanax in the transcripts of their WhatsApp messages even when the pair were communicating about other drugs taken by Ms Tiong: ¹¹⁸

91 The WhatsApp messages at [90] above were sent when Ms Tiong was taking medication to help her sleep. There was no reference to Xanax in the communications, although there were extensive references to other drugs. This suggests that Ms Tiong had not been provided Xanax by Dr Chan from 2017 to 7 May 2018. If she was given Xanax before May 2018, the WhatsApp messages would have mentioned Xanax in their numerous WhatsApp conversations about what medication to take when she was feeling anxious or had trouble sleeping. This suggests that at the time of the WhatsApp messages, Dr Chan had only provided her with Trazodone and Zopiclone (which are not the subject matters of Ms Tiong’s claim), and not Xanax which was only given sometime on or about 7 May 2018.

92 Ms Tiong alleged that she and Dr Chan met almost daily and, therefore, a large portion of their communication, including discussion on Xanax, was oral and not in the WhatsApp messages. ¹¹⁹ This allegation is difficult to believe. Based on Ms Tiong’s allegation that Dr Chan gave her Xanax from as early as mid-2017, or even earlier from February 2017 (see [86] above), it is strange that there was no mention of Xanax in the WhatsApp messages at all until 8 May 2018 when other types of drugs were mentioned. The fact that Xanax was only mentioned on 8 May 2018 coheres with Dr Chan’s account that he only started giving Ms Tiong Xanax from early May 2018. If Ms Tiong had been given Xanax from early 2017 as she alleged, it is strange that she would respond to Dr Chan that “[t]he [X]anax is good” in May 2018. Therefore, I find that Dr Chan’s version of the facts, ie, that he only started giving her Xanax in early May 2018 is consistent with the contemporaneous evidence.

93 On the issue of the quantity of Xanax given by Dr Chan, this is critically important as it will address the pertinent issues of whether Ms Tiong had side effects and whether she is addicted to Xanax. Ms Tiong’s position before the trial was that Dr Chan gave her ten tablets of Xanax per month from February 2017 to March 2018 and approximately 100 tablets of Xanax in April 2018 and May 2018. ¹²⁰ Accordingly, Ms Tiong alleged that Dr Chan gave her 330 tablets of Xanax in total. ¹²¹ Dr Chan’s position is that he gave her 14 tablets of Xanax for short-term use in early May 2018. ¹²²

94 Ms Tiong’s evidence on the quantity of Xanax is completely devoid of truth as there was a myriad of incredible critical discrepancies and serious inconsistencies. I find that Dr Chan’s version of the quantity of Xanax tablets he gave to Ms Tiong should be preferred over Ms Tiong’s version. I shall now set out the reasons for my finding.

95 When she took the stand, Ms Tiong vacillated repeatedly in her evidence on the quantity of Xanax tablets Dr Chan provided to her: ¹²³

96 Apart from the above material inconsistencies, there were numerous other serious discrepancies in Ms Tiong’s evidence during her cross-examination.

97 First, Ms Tiong’s latest and final position on 21 April 2022, ie, that Dr Chan gave her 160 tablets of Xanax from May 2017 to March 2018 (see [95] above), is highly inconsistent with the contemporaneous records from SGH which she sought SGH to produce through the discovery process. Ms Tiong agrees that she has no evidence that Dr Chan obtained his supply of Xanax from sources other than SGH. ¹²⁴ Based on SGH records, between May 2017 and March 2018, ie 10 months, Dr Chan was only prescribed 90 tablets of Xanax from Associate Professor Lee Tih Shih. ¹²⁵ The next time Dr Chan was prescribed Xanax again was on 30 April 2018. The prescriptions from SGH records are summarised as follows: ¹²⁶

The contemporaneous records from SGH refute Ms Tiong’s claim that Dr Chan provided her with 160 tablets of Xanax from May 2017 to March 2018. ¹²⁷

98 Second, Ms Tiong’s position as of 21 April 2022 is that she had 50 unconsumed Xanax tablets left by end May 2018 and 49 unconsumed Xanax tablets as of 25 September 2020. ¹²⁸ This position came about on the third day of the trial after Ms Tiong had time to recalculate the number of Xanax tablets Dr Chan had given to her. Ms Tiong’s position is, however, seriously internally inconsistent, as she also claimed that she consumed 20 Xanax tablets in total from June to July 2018 – ten in each month. ¹²⁹ If the latter claim were true, Ms Tiong should have 29 to 30 Xanax tablets left by September 2020, and not 49 Xanax tablets as she submits. ¹³⁰

99 Ms Tiong’s first explanation for her conflicting evidence was that she and her lawyers had failed to properly track the evidence in her affidavits: ¹³¹

100 Ms Tiong later claimed that her inconsistencies were due to “memory impairment, or memory loss” ¹³² as she was “just popping Xanax like candy”. ¹³³ This explanation is a double-edged sword. Ms Tiong claims that she suffered memory lapses due to her consumption of Xanax to explain the inconsistencies in her evidence regarding the quantity of Xanax. This seems to suggest that her recollection of the events and her testimony in court are unreliable and cannot be believed as she is saying that her memory is impaired. Alternatively, she indulges in selective loss of memory at her convenience.

101 Ms Tiong also suggests that her inability to account for the quantity of Xanax tablets she received from Dr Chan should not be held against her as Dr Chan had acted in breach of ECEG Guideline B5 when he failed to record his prescription to her. ¹³⁴ As noted by the High Court in Rathanamalah d/o Shunmugam v Chia Kok Hoong [2018] 4 SLR 159 at [82], “the SMC Guidelines relate to ethical proceedings; they may be helpful but cannot necessarily dictate the evidential burdens in civil suits”. Therefore, Ms Tiong’s allegation that Dr Chan had breached the ECEG in failing to keep proper records does not surrogate or satisfy her burden of proving the quantity of Xanax provided to her by Dr Chan. The failure to maintain clinical records is completely irrelevant to the issue of whether Dr Chan was negligent when Xanax was given to Ms Tiong.

102 In my view, there is a plausible explanation for the chameleonic nature of Ms Tiong’s evidence. As counsel for Dr Chan suggests, it is likely that Ms Tiong decided to change her evidence on 20 April 2022 to ensure that her position on the quantity of Xanax tablets given by Dr Chan was in line with the quantity Dr Chan was prescribed by SGH, as described in Dr Chan’s AEIC and evinced by the SGH records. ¹³⁵ However, she had also affirmed on oath that she had at least 49 unconsumed Xanax tablets. ¹³⁶ The fact that she had affirmed as such was brought to Ms Tiong’s attention during the trial on 20 April 2022. ¹³⁷ According to counsel for Dr Chan, after Ms Tiong was reminded of her earlier affirmation, Ms Tiong realised that her new total estimate of approximately 120 Xanax tablets did not take into account the unconsumed tablets of Xanax, which was why she changed her evidence again on 21 April 2022. ¹³⁸

103  The quantity of Xanax tablets goes to the heart of Ms Tiong’s claim in medical negligence. Thus, her conflicting evidence on this critical issue is fatal to her claim. Her inconsistent evidence on this foundational point also speaks volumes about her reliability as a witness and the viability of her claim. I agree with the counsel for Dr Chan that Ms Tiong appeared to change her evidence on the fly ¹³⁹ and tailored her evidence on how many Xanax tablets she was given by Dr Chan to be consistent with the quantity of Xanax tablets Dr Chan was prescribed from SGH. ¹⁴⁰ In my view, it is no coincidence that the final numbers of Xanax tablets advanced by Ms Tiong is the closest to the 243 tablets Dr Chan was prescribed from SGH.

104 On 21 April 2022, the third day Ms Tiong took the stand, she sought permission to bring a piece of paper (“the Paper”) and a pen with her to the witness box to perform calculations of the number of Xanax tablets she was given by Dr Chan. ¹⁴¹ The Paper contained some of her calculations done the night before, after the second day of her cross-examination. ¹⁴² I note that the Paper contained multiple amendments that suggested an attempt at engineering her evidence in order to match the pleaded position in her Reply to Defence, ie, that she received 330 tablets of Xanax from Dr Chan. Ms Tiong also confirmed that she made further changes to the entries in the Paper while being cross-examined. ¹⁴³ I reproduce the Paper below, with the entries that were made in court during the course of the cross-examination highlighted in yellow by Ms Tiong: ¹⁴⁴

105  I note, in particular, the entries for January 2018 and February 2018. Ms Tiong confirmed that the original figure she wrote for these entries was “20” but she later changed the figure to “30”. ¹⁴⁵ She also confirmed that she amended the entry for December 2017 from “30” tablets to “10” tablets. ¹⁴⁶ When asked why she made the multiple corrections, Ms Tiong admitted that she worked backwards from the final pleaded figure in order to arrive at the breakdown on the Paper: ¹⁴⁷

106 When she was further questioned on the Paper, Ms Tiong confirmed her position was that taken on 21 April 2022, ie, she was given around 280 tablets (see [95] above). However, she could not satisfactorily explain why she wrote a different total figure of 320 tablets on the Paper: ¹⁴⁸

107 I find that Ms Tiong is a thoroughly unreliable witness. At one point, Ms Tiong herself seemed aware of the persistently conflicting nature of her evidence, agreeing during cross-examination that she was re-engineering her evidence on the quantity of Xanax to fit her case. ¹⁴⁹ Ms Tiong’s admission confirmed my impression that she was making active attempts to tailor and massage her evidence while on the stand in order to fit her previously pleaded position and resolve any inconsistencies that surface in the course of questioning.

108 Given the lack of contemporaneous evidence supporting Ms Tiong’s case and the ever-changing nature of her evidence, it is highly unsafe to rely on her allegation that Dr Chan gave her 280 or 330 tablets. On the other hand, Dr Chan’s version that (a) he only gave her 14 tablets in May 2018; and (b) he could not have given her Xanax tablets as she alleged as he was only prescribed 243 tablets of Xanax from SGH from 8 May 2017 to 21 May 2018 is more credible. Further, Dr Chan’s version is supported by the contemporaneous evidence.

109 Having ascertained that Dr Chan’s version of the facts should be believed over Ms Tiong’s, I shall now consider whether Dr Chan breached his duty of care when he gave 14 Xanax tablets to Ms Tiong in early May 2018. According to Dr Lim, if the 14 tablets of Xanax were taken “over a period of several days or weeks as short-term use, the risk of physical dependency will be very low”. ¹⁵⁰ It follows that a reasonably experienced psychiatrist in Dr Chan’s position would not have foreseen that Ms Tiong would become addicted to Xanax just because Dr Chan gave 14 Xanax tablets to her in May 2018. Accordingly, Dr Chan has not breached his duty of care to ensure that Ms Tiong would not become addicted to Xanax or to ascertain its suitability for her.

110 For completeness, I note that even on Ms Tiong’s account of the highest quantity of Xanax prescribed to her, ie, 330 tablets (see [95] above), Dr Lim’s expert evidence is that the risk of dependency is low. Accordingly, a reasonably experienced psychiatrist in Dr Chan’s position would not have foreseen or would not have thought that there was a good likelihood that Ms Tiong might become addicted to Xanax based on the number of tablets given by Dr Chan. Regarding Ms Tiong’s claim that Dr Chan gave her ten tablets of Xanax per month from February 2017 to March 2018, Dr Lim’s expert opinion is as follows: ¹⁵¹

111  On Ms Tiong’s claim that Dr Chan gave her approximately 100 tablets of Xanax per month for April 2018 and May 2018, Dr Lim’s expert opinion is as follows: ¹⁵²

112 Further, Ms Tiong was prescribed 330 Xanax tablets by Dr Thomas Lee over a shorter period of eight months between 23 August 2018 and 25 April 2019 (see [126] below). ¹⁵³ Ms Tiong alleges that Dr Chan gave her the same number of tablets over a longer 15-month period (see [25] above). Ms Tiong did not allege that Dr Thomas Lee’s prescription of Xanax was excessive or otherwise a breach of his duty. In these circumstances, it is incongruous for Ms Tiong to allege that Dr Chan had given her excessive Xanax.

113 Moreover, Ms Tiong confirmed during cross-examination by Dr Chan’s counsel (Ms Chew) that when Dr Chan provided her with Xanax, he had advised her on the appropriate dosage of Xanax to consume: ¹⁵⁴

114 Dr Chan’s advice to Ms Tiong to take one to two Xanax tablets a day is well within the recommended maximum dosage of up to 4mg of Xanax, ie four tablets of Xanax a day, by most regulatory bodies including the Food and Drug Administration of the USA and the British National Formulary. This was also supported in Dr Lim’s joint expert report. ¹⁵⁵ Ms Tiong also agreed during cross-examination that Dr Chan was “always very careful to ensure” that she did not “take any medicine unnecessarily”. ¹⁵⁶ Having regard to the above, it is incongruous for Ms Tiong to still allege that Dr Chan had failed to ensure that she would not become addicted to Xanax.

115 Ms Tiong acknowledged in court that before April 2018 when her relationship with Dr Chan began to crumble, Dr Chan was caring and had her best interests at heart: ¹⁵⁷

116 Hence, even assuming it was true that Dr Chan had given her Xanax since February 2017 he would not have harmed Ms Tiong as they were in a romantic relationship and as Ms Tiong admitted he was caring and had her best interests at heart.

117 I, therefore, find that Dr Chan has not acted in breach of his duty of care when he gave Xanax to Ms Tiong.

118 Since I have found that Dr Chan did not breach his duty of care to Ms Tiong, it would be unnecessary to consider the alleged harm suffered by Ms Tiong because of Dr Chan’s breach. Nevertheless, for completeness, I shall now consider the harm, if any, suffered by Ms Tiong as a result of Dr Chan giving her Xanax.

119 Ms Tiong claims that because of Dr Chan’s breach of duty, she suffered (a) side effects from consuming high dosages of Xanax; and (b) withdrawal symptoms from addiction to Xanax. The side effects from her consumption of and dependency on Xanax include, inter alia, memory loss, suicidal thoughts, ¹⁵⁸ breathing difficulties, stress and an inability to fall asleep. ¹⁵⁹ Ms Tiong also asserts in her pleadings that she suffered “adjustment disorder with anxiety”, ¹⁶⁰ and in her closing submissions she further alleges that she suffered from GAD. ¹⁶¹

120 I shall first consider Ms Tiong’s claim that she suffered side effects from her consumption of Xanax. Dr Lim testified that the possible side effects caused by consuming Xanax are drowsiness, cognitive difficulty and slurred speech. ¹⁶² Symptoms such as breathing difficulties, stress, suicidal thoughts and an inability to fall asleep are not caused by Xanax. ¹⁶³ Rather, breathing difficulties are a symptom of anxiety. ¹⁶⁴ Dr Lim went further to state that it is not possible for the consumption of Xanax to cause suicidal thoughts, ¹⁶⁵ which decisively rebutted Ms Tiong’s claim that she suffered suicidal thoughts as a result of consuming Xanax in high quantities. ¹⁶⁶ Dr Lim further testified that the risk of suffering side effects from consuming Xanax is low: ¹⁶⁷

121 Ms Tiong claims that she began suffering adverse side effects “[a]fter more than a year of consuming” Xanax Dr Chan gave her ¹⁶⁸ and that she “had previously shared [her] concerns about these symptoms with [Dr Chan] in November 2017 when [their] relationship was intimate”. ¹⁶⁹ However, this claim is contradicted by Dr Lim’s expert evidence. Dr Lim testified that adverse side effects from consuming Xanax, such as drowsiness and cognitive difficulties, would arise shortly after consumption and persist only up to the time Xanax is eliminated from the body. Such side effects would last for approximately four to five hours. ¹⁷⁰ As counsel for Dr Chan points out, it is therefore inexplicable how Ms Tiong could suffer such adverse side effects after a year of consuming Xanax. ¹⁷¹

122 Dr Lim’s testimony, taken together with Ms Tiong’s lack of objective evidence that she suffered side effects from consuming Xanax, cast serious doubt on her claim that she suffered side effects from consuming Xanax. None of the numerous WhatsApp messages between Ms Tiong and Dr Chan reveal that Ms Tiong had experienced some side effects from the consumption of Xanax.

123 The vast majority of medical literature put forward by both parties also do not support Ms Tiong’s claim that she suffered side effects. The medical literature cited by Ms Tiong supports Dr Lim’s expert opinion that more than 80% of patients consuming Xanax would not suffer any side effects. For instance, the studies cited in the Medication Guide on Alprazolam by the Federal Drug Administration of the United States of America demonstrate that more patients claim to suffer side effects arising from placebo as compared to alprazolam tablets, and that the side effects from alprazolam occur in less than 20% of individuals. ¹⁷² Although the percentage of patients experienced side effects after consuming Xanax is only 20%, I accept that it does not rule out the possibilities that Ms Tiong could fall within this group of Xanax sensitive patients. However, the evidence in this case does not support her claim which was based on self-assertion. Thus, Ms Tiong’s claim that she suffered side effects from consuming Xanax is doubtful. ¹⁷³

124 Finally, I accept the oral closing submission of counsel for Dr Chan that, if it were true that Ms Tiong was suffering from these side effects, no reasonable psychiatrist would have continued prescribing Xanax to Ms Tiong. The fact remains that Ms Tiong continued to be prescribed Xanax by other psychiatrist whom she consulted after May 2018. These include Ms Tiong’s prescription of Xanax by Resilienz Clinic between 23 August 2018 and 25 April 2019 ¹⁷⁴ and from BetterLife Psychological Medicine Clinic on 28 May 2020 and 19 June 2020. ¹⁷⁵ I accept that, if Xanax was unsuitable for Ms Tiong’s consumption as alleged, there would be no reason why different medical practitioners of her choice would continue prescribing it to her. This was also confirmed by Dr Lim’s evidence at trial. ¹⁷⁶ The fact that Ms Tiong continues to receive prescriptions for Xanax from her own doctors after May 2018 clearly suggests that Ms Tiong’s allegation that she suffers the side effects of Xanax cannot be true.

125 Ms Tiong further alleges that she suffered withdrawal symptoms as a result of Xanax dependency. Dr Lim explained that if a person were addicted to Xanax and he or she continues to have access to Xanax, he or she will not suffer withdrawal symptoms. ¹⁷⁷ It is only when the person is deprived of Xanax will withdrawal symptoms manifest in the form of “abdominal cramps, blurred, vision, dizziness, headache and so forth”. ¹⁷⁸ Thus, a person addicted to Xanax would increase their dosage of Xanax. ¹⁷⁹ If the dosage of Xanax was reduced or if there were prolonged breaks between the periods of Xanax consumption, these indicate that there is no Xanax addiction. ¹⁸⁰

126 On the face of the evidence, there were reductions in the dosages of Xanax prescribed to Ms Tiong and prolonged breaks in Ms Tiong’s consumption of Xanax after May 2018. After her break-up with Dr Chan in May 2018, Ms Tiong was prescribed Xanax from two clinics, Resilienz Clinic and BetterLife Psychological Medicine Clinic, as follows: ¹⁸¹

127 Ms Tiong was not prescribed any Xanax from 25 April 2019 to 28 May 2020, ie, slightly more than a year. Further, the quantity of Xanax she was prescribed reduced drastically from 90 tablets on 8 November 2018 to 30 tablets on 19 December 2018. Ms Tiong claimed that during the period from 25 April 2019 to 28 May 2020 when she was not prescribed any Xanax, she still needed Xanax but could not afford to receive further prescriptions from clinics as she was short of money from defending herself in the Defamation Suit. ¹⁸² However, Ms Tiong did not consume the 49 unconsumed tablets of Xanax she was in possession of. ¹⁸³ According to Dr Lim, the fact that Ms Tiong did not consume the 49 tablets she had in her possession “is definitely, in [his] opinion, not suggestive of a dependent patient”. ¹⁸⁴ If indeed she was addicted to Xanax there would not be any unconsumed tablets of Xanax as she would have had to satisfy her addiction craving.

128 When confronted with the fact that she did not consume the 49 unconsumed tablets she possessed, Ms Tiong claimed that she did not consume the 49 unconsumed tablets as she wanted to use them as evidence for the SMC Complaint ¹⁸⁵ and adduced them as physical evidence before the SMC. ¹⁸⁶ It is curious then that the SMC Complaint appended a picture of only four Xanax tablets. ¹⁸⁷ If Dr Chan had indeed given her so many tablets of Xanax as alleged, an ordinary person in Ms Tiong’s position would have taken a picture of all or as many of them as possible, as opposed to simply a fraction or a “sample” as Ms Tiong describes. ¹⁸⁸

129 There is no indication that Ms Tiong had sought to increase her supply of Xanax, which would be a clear sign of addiction according to Dr Lim. On the contrary, the facts that (a) Ms Tiong purportedly went “cold turkey” from Xanax for more than a year; (b) the quantity of Xanax she was prescribed decreased drastically from 8 November 2018 to 19 December 2018; and (c) she did not consume the remaining tablets she had are, in line with Dr Lim’s evidence, clear indications that she was not addicted to Xanax. Dr Lim’s opinion is logically convincing and reliable.

130 As counsel for Dr Chan points out, Ms Tiong’s consumption pattern also reveals that she could not have been addicted to Xanax. During cross-examination, Ms Tiong stated that she consumed Xanax tablets as follows: ¹⁸⁹

131 The above consumption pattern, taken together with Dr Lim’s testimony, decisively rebuts Ms Tiong’s claim that she was addicted to Xanax:

(a) Between May 2017 to July 2017, Ms Tiong allegedly consumed only five to ten tablets a month. Dr Lim notes that consuming this dosage of Xanax leads to an extremely low risk of susceptibility to physical dependency. ¹⁹⁰

(b) From August 2017 to October 2017, Ms Tiong allegedly did not consume any Xanax tablets. Her ability to stop her consumption of Xanax plainly demonstrates that she was not experiencing dependency on Xanax.

(c) While Ms Tiong consumed 30 tablets of Xanax in November 2017, she claims that she lowered her consumption to ten tablets of Xanax in December 2017. Dr Lim confirmed that a person’s ability to voluntarily break her continuous consumption of Xanax indicates that that person does not suffer from a Xanax addiction. ¹⁹¹

(d) In a similar vein, while Ms Tiong increased her consumption to 30 tablets of Xanax in January 2018, she again voluntarily lowered her consumption to five tablets of Xanax per month in both February 2018 and March 2018, demonstrating that she was not addicted to Xanax.

(e) In April 2018 and May 2018, Ms Tiong then increased her Xanax intake to 60 tablets and 60 to 70 tablets respectively. Counsel for Dr Chan points out that this works out to approximately two tablets of Xanax (0.5mg) a day, which is still well within the recommended maximum dosage of 4mg (ie, eight tablets of Xanax) noted by Dr Lim. ¹⁹² In any case, this period of increased Xanax intake is still less than ten weeks, which is the period of time that Dr Lim notes an individual would have to regularly consume Xanax for over ten weeks in order to be at a higher risk of physical dependency. ¹⁹³

(f) In June 2018 and July 2018, Ms Tiong reduced her consumption of Xanax to ten tablets in each month, while also holding onto 49 to 50 unconsumed Xanax tablets during this period. ¹⁹⁴ This demonstrates that Ms Tiong was able to reduce her intake while simultaneously resisting the urge to consume the remaining 49 to 50 tablets. I reiterate Dr Lim’s expert evidence that the fact that Ms Tiong did not consume the unconsumed tablets she had with her “is definitely, in [his] opinion, not suggestive of a dependent patient”. ¹⁹⁵

132 During the trial, counsel for Ms Tiong referred to a diagnosis by Dr Thomas Lee that Ms Tiong developed a Xanax dependency as at mid-2018. ¹⁹⁶ However, the reliability of the diagnosis from Dr Thomas Lee is also suspect. The report of Dr Thomas Lee is hearsay as the doctor who made the diagnosis was not called since parties agreed to have the opinion of the joint expert, ie, Dr Lim. The evidence indicates that Ms Tiong exaggerated the extent of her Xanax consumption to Dr Thomas Lee. Ms Tiong claimed that she told Dr Thomas Lee she was consuming three to six tablets of Xanax daily by mid-2018. ¹⁹⁷ This is inconsistent with her evidence on her consumption pattern (see [130] above) where she claimed to have consumed 60 to 70 tablets of Xanax in May 2018 and only ten tablets of Xanax per month in June 2018 and July 2018. Ms Tiong’s account to Dr Thomas Lee of consuming three to six tablets daily would yield a total of approximately 90 to 180 tablets consumed per month. Ms Tiong also confirmed during cross-examination that she did not inform Dr Thomas Lee that she had only consumed ten tablets of Xanax per month in both June 2018 and July 2018: ¹⁹⁸

133 Ms Tiong’s claim that she suffered from a Xanax dependency was unsupported by the evidence. She has failed to prove on a balance of probabilities that she suffered from a dependency on Xanax.

134 Ms Tiong claims that the symptoms she suffered from taking Xanax became apparent from April 2018. ¹⁹⁹ However, this claim is incongruous with the contemporaneous evidence. On 8 May 2018, Ms Tiong sent a WhatsApp message to Dr Chan informing him that “[t]he [X]anax is good” and requesting that he obtain more for her (see [89] above). I agree with the counsel for Dr Chan that it makes no sense for Ms Tiong to express such positive feelings about Xanax if indeed she was suffering symptoms such as memory loss and suicidal thoughts. ²⁰⁰

135 Turning to Ms Tiong’s claim that she suffered from anxiety as a result of consuming Xanax or from being addicted to Xanax, I find that Ms Tiong was inconsistent on exactly what form of anxiety she suffered from. While she stated in her pleadings that she suffered from “adjustment disorder with anxiety”, ²⁰¹ she asserted during closing submissions that she suffered from GAD. ²⁰² Ms Tiong also confirmed that there is nothing in her WhatsApp communications with Dr Chan to suggest to Dr Chan that she was suffering from any anxiety disorder or psychiatric illness. ²⁰³ The key evidence Ms Tiong relies on to support her claim that she suffered from GAD are the “couple’s quarrels” between her and Dr Chan in April, July, September and November 2017. ²⁰⁴ This argument stands on extremely shaky ground. As counsel for Dr Chan points out, “just because Dr Chan and Ms Tiong had disagreements in their relationship cannot equate to her suffering from GAD”. ²⁰⁵

136 Finally, I should also add that, following the parties’ filing of their respective Reply submissions, Ms Tiong sought to raise, for the first time, the issue regarding an alleged “cocktail of different medications” which Dr Chan had prescribed to her in June 2018, and which she claimed to have contributed to her allegedly suffering from withdrawal symptoms and addiction. ²⁰⁶ Counsel for Ms Tiong submits that the court should consider this issue, despite the fact that it was not raised earlier, because this is “a matter of causation and evidence” which need not be pleaded. ²⁰⁷ This is because of the possibility that Ms Tiong’s alleged addiction to Xanax could be caused by Xanax and the cocktail of medications. ²⁰⁸

137 I do not accept this submission. In my judgment, Ms Tiong’s allegation regarding the purported “cocktail of different medications” is not simply a matter of evidence. Rather, it is a matter of putting forward a factual basis in support of her allegation that harmed was suffered as a result of Dr Chan’s alleged negligence. This would, in turn, and if it had been pleaded, possibly affect the manner in which Dr Chan would have pleaded and defend his case, or would have affected the evidence which Dr Chan would have put forth to rebut this factual allegation. It may also have affected the content of Dr Lim’s expert evidence, and whether there was a possibility that a cocktail of drugs prescribed to Ms Tiong would have caused the alleged addiction.

138 Whatever the case may be, it is incumbent on Ms Tiong to have raised this in her statement of claim, or to have sought an amendment of her statement of claim, early in the proceedings. However, this was not done. And as pointed out by counsel for Dr Chan in her oral closing submissions, it remains that Ms Tiong’s statement of claim only reflected her allegations against Dr Chan in negligence premised on the prescription and use of Xanax. ²⁰⁹ This issue being raised belatedly and for which little or no opportunity was provided to Dr Chan to make submissions in response, I therefore disregard this line of submission made by counsel for Ms Tiong.

139 Having regard to the above, I find that Ms Tiong has failed to prove, on a balance of probabilities, that she suffered harm as a result of Dr Chan giving her Xanax, either in the form of side effects from consuming Xanax or from developing a dependency on Xanax.

140 During the trial, I asked parties about the issue of damages, Ms Tiong’s counsel raised belatedly that Dr Chan was liable to Ms Tiong for $250,000 worth of damages. This was on the basis that she requires lifelong treatment to recover from her addiction to Xanax. ²¹⁰ Ms Tiong claims that the sum is arrived at by multiplying the number of years of her remaining life expectancy (ie, 30 to 40 years) by the estimated annual costs of treatment given by Dr Lim, which come up to around $4,800 a year in counselling costs. Multiplying $4,800 a year over 30 to 40 years gives a sum in the range of $144,000 to $192,000. ²¹¹

141 Even if Ms Tiong had suffered psychiatric harm, there is no evidence that the harm suffered is tantamount to $250,000, the minimum civil jurisdiction of the High Court. Dr Lim testified that his suggested treatment for Xanax dependency is a treatment package involving therapy, counselling and alternative medication. ²¹² The programme would last only four to six weeks ²¹³ with another six to nine months for counselling and would cost around $5,400 in total excluding medication costs. ²¹⁴ This sum is a far cry from the $250,000 claimed by Ms Tiong.

142 Even if the medication costs are included to the sum, the claim would still be far short of the $250,000 claimed by Ms Tiong. The total costs of medication obtained by Ms Tiong from Resilienz Clinic over the course of almost ten months only amounted to $1,152.50: ²¹⁵

143 In any event, Ms Tiong could only provide an explanation for, at most, $192,000 in damages (see [140] above). Ms Tiong’s claim that she suffered harm amounting to $250,000 is a bare assertion and unsupported by any evidence.

144 Having regard to all of the above, I find that Ms Tiong has failed to prove on a balance of probabilities that she suffered harm amounting to $250,000 as a result of Dr Chan’s prescription, namely side effects from Xanax consumption and dependency. Hence, this case should not have been commenced in the High Court.

145 In summary, I find that Ms Tiong has failed to establish her claim in medical negligence on a balance of probabilities. Ms Tiong’s final version of the facts is that Dr Chan gave her 280 tablets starting from May 2017 (see [95] above). However, Ms Tiong vacillated repeatedly in her evidence before arriving at this final version. Her claim is also unsupported by contemporaneous evidence, namely the transcripts of the parties’ WhatsApp exchanges across more than a year. On the other hand, Dr Chan’s version of the events that he gave Ms Tiong 14 tablets of Xanax for short-term use in early May 2018 is more consistent with the contemporaneous evidence. Dr Lim’s expert assessment of Dr Chan’s prescription is that the associated risk of dependency is “very low”. ²¹⁶ Accordingly, I find that Dr Chan has not breached his duty of care to Ms Tiong.

146 In any case, Ms Tiong has failed to show that she suffered harm as a result of Dr Chan’s negligence. Ms Tiong’s claim that she suffered side effects due to consuming high dosages of Xanax and a lifelong Xanax dependency caused by Dr Chan’s negligence is clearly unsupported by the evidence. There is also no evidence that the harm Ms Tiong suffered, if any, is quantified at $250,000.

147 I therefore dismiss Ms Tiong’s claim for medical negligence.

148 In Wilkinson, the defendant played a practical joke on the plaintiff by falsely representing to the plaintiff that her husband, who had gone to a race-meeting, had met with an accident and both his legs were broken. The defendant made the statement intending for the plaintiff to believe him. The plaintiff, believing the defendant’s falsehood, suffered a violent nervous shock. The English court held that the defendant was liable to the plaintiff for wilfully communicating false information which resulted in psychiatric harm.

149 The rule in Wilkinson can give rise to an actionable claim in Singapore. However, the precise contours and elements of the rule have yet to be explored fully by the Singapore courts.

150 In Ngiam Kong Seng and another v Lim Chiew Hock [2008] 3 SLR(R) 674, the Court of Appeal recognised at [138] that “Wilkinson is authority for the principle that wilfully communicating false information is actionable if it causes physical, including psychiatric, harm.” The defendant must commit an act with the intention to cause physical or psychiatric harm which results in the plaintiff suffering such physical or psychiatric harm. However, the Court of Appeal also stated at [140] that “[t]he court should be slow to allow recovery for psychiatric harm arising from the communication of information in cases where no ‘malign intention’… on the part of the person communicating the information is present.”

151 In an earlier decision, the High Court in Malcomson Nicholas Hugh Bertram and another v Mehta Naresh Kumar [2001] 3 SLR(R) 379 also observed at [40] that Wilkinson is one of “the well-known cases which established that false words or verbal threats calculated to cause, and uttered with the knowledge that they are likely to cause, and actually causing physical injury to the person to whom they are uttered are actionable.”

152 The necessary elements to make out a claim under the rule in Wilkinson were decisively summarised by the UK Supreme Court in O (A Child) v Rhodes and another (English PEN and others intervening) [2016] AC 219 (“Rhodes”). The court found at [73] that the tort in Wilkinson has three elements: a conduct element, a mental element and a consequence element. The conduct element “requires words or conduct directed towards the claimant for which there is no justification or reasonable excuse” (Rhodes at [74]). The mental element refers to the “intention to cause physical harm or severe mental or emotional distress” (Rhodes at [87]). Such intention “excludes not merely negligently harmful statements, but also recklessly harmful statements” (Rhodes at [113]). In other words, recklessness or negligence is insufficient to satisfy the mental element. Finally, the consequence element requires that the claimant suffered “physical harm or recognised psychiatric illness” (Rhodes at [73]).

153 The only Singapore case where the rule in Wilkinson was applied is Nina Duwi Koriah v Noor Hayah binte Gulam and another [2019] SGDC 285 (“Nina”). There, the District Court, when considering the rule in Wilkinson, arrived at a similar test to Rhodes. The District Court held (at [20]) that the four elements in a Wilkinson claim are as follows:

154 The tests in Rhodes and Nina are similar. The first element in Nina corresponds with the mental element in Rhodes. The second element in Nina is also the mental element in Rhodes as the defendant must have known that the act was likely to cause physical harm (including psychiatric harm) to the plaintiff. The third element in Nina corresponds with the conduct element in Rhodes, and the fourth element in Nina mirrors the consequence element in Rhodes. None of the parties made submissions on Nina. Counsel for Dr Chan submitted that the test in Rhodes should be followed and the counsel for Ms Tiong did not raise any objections to this. Therefore, I shall consider whether Ms Tiong has proven on a balance of probabilities that her claim under the rule in Wilkinson meets the test in Rhodes.

155 Ms Tiong’s claim under the rule in Wilkinson raises interesting questions about the limits of the rule. Can one take one’s ex-lover to court for his broken promises during the relationship?

156 In my view, Ms Tiong’s claim under the rule in Wilkinson is factually unsustainable as none of the elements under the rule in Wilkinson as laid out in Rhodes are satisfied.

157 As a preliminary point, I note that the rule in Wilkinson does not fit Ms Tiong’s claim. According to Ms Tiong, she suffered adjustment disorder with anxiety following her discovery that the Statement was false in April 2018. ²¹⁷ Thus, Ms Tiong claims that it was not the Statement itself that caused her psychiatric harm, but her subsequent realisation of its false nature after she was induced by the Statement into entering sexual relations with Dr Chan. This is materially different from the rule in Wilkinson, where the content of the statements made to the plaintiff directly caused the plaintiff harm, ie, the plaintiff’s husband had met with an accident and both his legs were broken. Nevertheless, I shall consider whether (a) Dr Chan made the Statement and (b) whether Ms Tiong was induced by the Statement to enter into sexual relations with him.

158 I find that Ms Tiong has not proven on a balance of probabilities that Dr Chan made the Statement, ie, that he “intentionally informed [her] that he was committed to having a long-term and exclusive sexual relationship with her” ²¹⁸ “with a view towards marriage”. ²¹⁹ Ms Tiong’s evidence on this critical prong of her claim under the rule in Wilkinson was contradictory and unreliable. Ms Tiong could not point to an instance when Dr Chan had explicitly made the Statement. In cross-examination, Ms Tiong said that Dr Chan did not make the Statement; however, it was her belief that Dr Chan’s conduct led her to believe that he was committed to a long-term and exclusive sexual relationship with her: ²²⁰

159 However, when Ms Tiong was questioned by the court, she changed her version of the facts and stated that Dr Chan had guaranteed to her that he was not seeing anyone but her: ²²¹

160 It is clear from the above that Ms Tiong vacillated in her evidence on this basic issue of whether Dr Chan expressly made the Statement or whether she arrived at the belief that he was committed to a long-term and exclusive relationship with her based on his conduct. This further diminishes her credibility as a witness and weakens her case. Nevertheless, I shall consider whether Ms Tiong has proven, on a balance of probabilities, that Dr Chan’s conduct led her to believe that he was committed to a long-term and exclusive relationship with her.

161 A “long-term and exclusive” relationship has different shades. At the far end of the spectrum, there are relationships that are both long-term and exclusive and this is best typified by parties in a serious relationship with a view towards marriage. At the opposite end of the spectrum, there are relationships that are neither long-term nor exclusive, such as one-night stands. And then we have the ones in between, which may be exclusive but not yet long-term. For instance, a couple in the early stages of their relationship may agree that they will not see other people outside of the relationship. They may, however, have yet to come to an understanding that they wish the relationship to last for the distant future or to lead to long-lasting commitments such as marriage.

162 In my view, the objective evidence indicates that the parties’ relationship lay somewhere along the middle of the spectrum. In particular, the parties may have agreed to have some semblance of exclusivity, but they certainly did not enter into the relationship with the intention that it would be a long term one. Neither did they intend the level of exclusivity expected in a marriage. I infer my conclusion from the following facts:

(a) First, Dr Chan expressed displeasure in November 2017 that Ms Tiong was still in contact with her exes, ie, Mr Ho and Mr Koh. ²²² This shows that Dr Chan did expect some degree of exclusivity in their relationship. However, according to Dr Chan, he made it clear to Ms Tiong while they were on a holiday in the Cameron Highlands in 2017 that he was not looking to settle down or get married. ²²³ Dr Chan clarified that he was “fine” if Ms Tiong wished to see other men, “as long as she [was] upfront with [him] about it”. ²²⁴ This appears to suggest that parties were in an open relationship.

(b) Second, Dr Chan’s position that they were in an open relationship appears to be shared by Ms Tiong. Ms Tiong sent a WhatsApp message to Dr Chan on 25 November 2017 at 10.23.39am, stating: ²²⁵

(c) Third, Ms Tiong testified that Dr Chan raised the topic of having group sex with her a few times. The first time was about three months into the relationship, ²²⁶ around March or April 2017. ²²⁷ Once the topic of group sex was raised so early on in the relationship as alleged by Ms Tiong, it would and should have been clear to Ms Tiong that Dr Chan had no intention to have a completely exclusive relationship with her. ²²⁸

163 It is clear on the face of the evidence that the parties were not in consensus as to the stage or the underlying terms of their relationship. Both parties agree that during the course of their relationship, they continued to argue about whether their relationship was exclusive or not. ²²⁹ While Ms Tiong believed that the relationship lay on the further end of the spectrum towards being both long-term and exclusive, Dr Chan had a more nuanced and qualified interpretation of “exclusive”, ie, that the parties owed it to each other to inform the other person if they wished to have sexual relations with another person outside of the relationship. ²³⁰ In my view, the objective evidence indicates that Ms Tiong and Dr Chan had, at best, a relationship where each of them were expected to inform the other if they wished to have sexual relations with another person outside of the relationship. I pause to note the double standard at play. While Dr Chan stated that this was his expectation of Ms Tiong, he did not think that he was bound by the same terms, as he had sexual relations with E while dating Ms Tiong, without Ms Tiong’s knowledge. ²³¹

164 Ms Tiong and Dr Chan’s relationship was a messy one. On the one hand, Ms Tiong held a one-sided belief that they were in a long-term and exclusive relationship. On the other, Dr Chan’s belief was that they were in an exclusive relationship but were allowed to have sexual relations outside of the relationship if the other person were informed. It would therefore be incorrect to say that both parties had agreed to a “long-term and exclusive” relationship “with a view to marriage”. This might have been Ms Tiong’s desire or intention. But this was merely an unreciprocated one-sided intention. The evidence plainly does not indicate that Dr Chan expressly told her or impliedly suggested that he wanted a long-term and exclusive relationship with a view to marriage. There is no evidence that Dr Chan, through his conduct or otherwise, made the Statement to Ms Tiong.

165 Even if Dr Chan had given Ms Tiong the impression that he intended to pursue a long-term and exclusive relationship with her, Ms Tiong could not have been induced into physical intimacy with Dr Chan by the promise of a long-term and exclusive relationship as pleaded. ²³² Her claim is decisively rebutted by the contemporaneous evidence. Ms Tiong and Dr Chan engaged in physical intimacy from as early as 6 January 2017. This is evident from their text messages on the morning of 7 January 2017, where they alluded to having sexual intercourse the night before. ²³³ This would have been about two weeks after they had first met on 21 December 2016. Therefore, it cannot be the case that Ms Tiong was induced by the prospect of an exclusive relationship to be physically intimate with Dr Chan. Ms Tiong herself also admitted that she could not have been induced by any belief of an exclusive relationship with Dr Chan to enter into physical intimacy with him because she was already intimate with him as of 6 January 2017. ²³⁴

166 In fact, during cross-examination, Ms Tiong gave evidence that the relationship “was for fun”. She then confirmed that her characterisation of the relationship as initially “for fun” contradicted her evidence in her AEIC that she was induced by Dr Chan’s words and actions to enter into intimate sexual relations with him: ²³⁵

167 Having regard to all of the above, I find that Ms Tiong has failed to prove, on a balance of probabilities, that Dr Chan “intentionally informed [her] that he was committed to having a long-term and exclusive sexual relationship with her”, and that this induced her to be sexually intimate with him.

168 Even assuming Dr Chan had made the Statement, I find that on a balance of probabilities, Dr Chan did not have the “intention to cause physical harm or severe mental or emotional distress” (Rhodes at [87]) to Ms Tiong when he made the Statement. Counsel for Dr Chan furthered an alternative interpretation of the Statement during opening statements on the first day of the trial: ²³⁶

169 Ms Tiong claims that the Statement was made in February 2017. ²³⁷ The parties would already have been in an intimate relationship at that time. Reading the content of the Statement against the backdrop of the parties’ relationship at that time, I am of the view that Dr Chan’s counsel’s suggested interpretation is a reasonable one and is the more likely intention of Dr Chan, as opposed to Ms Tiong’s claim that Dr Chan had intended to cause her psychiatric harm with the Statement. At the time the Statement was allegedly made by Dr Chan, ie, February 2017, he and Ms Tiong were in a romantic relationship. Clearly, Dr Chan would not have any intention or thought of causing harm to Ms Tiong, who admitted that before the breakup in May 2018, Dr Chan was caring and he looked after her best interests (see [115] above). I, therefore, find that the mental element of the rule in Wilkinson is not satisfied.

170 Even assuming Dr Chan had made the Statement with intent to cause her harm, I am not satisfied that Ms Tiong suffered “physical harm or recognised psychiatric illness” (Rhodes at [73]) as a result of her discovery that the Statement was false. In the course of the trial Ms Tiong’s counsel even suggested that as a result of her discovery that the Statement was false, she suffered life-long psychiatric harm. The claim that Ms Tiong suffered such psychiatric harm is clearly unsupported by the evidence. The most crucial piece of evidence in this regard is Ms Tiong’s position that she still intended to maintain her relationship with Dr Chan with a view to marrying him. This is despite her discovery of the WhatsApp Messages, although she might have been disappointed with what Dr Chan had done: ²³⁸

171 The above exchanges show that any harm Ms Tiong might have purportedly suffered from realising that Dr Chan did not intend to carry on a long-term, exclusive relationship with her is, at best, minimal. The harm purportedly suffered by Ms Tiong, if any, is drastically different from that suffered by the plaintiff in Wilkinson. The plaintiff in Wilkinson suffered a violent nervous shock and became seriously ill when she was told that her husband had a bad accident and had broken both his legs. Because of the shock to her nervous system, the plaintiff in Wilkinson suffered vomiting “and other more serious and permanent physical consequences at one time threatening her reason, and entailing weeks of suffering and incapacity to her” (Wilkinson at p 58). There is no evidence that Ms Tiong suffered any “physical harm or recognised psychiatric illness” as a result of Dr Chan’s infidelity. On the contrary, the fact that she was still willing and wished to carry on a long-term relationship with him means that she had not suffered any harm although she was angry and disappointed with the discovery.

172 In summary, I find that Ms Tiong has failed to establish her claim under the rule in Wilkinson. There is no evidence that Dr Chan made the Statement to her. Even if Dr Chan did make the Statement, there is no evidence that he did so with the intention to cause her harm as they were in a romantic relationship. In any case, Ms Tiong did not suffer physical harm or any recognised psychiatric illness as a result of Dr Chan’s infidelity.

173 Ms Tiong’s evidence was confusing, contradictory and highly unreliable. She gave egregious and gravely inconsistent accounts on key aspects of her case. She also appeared to embellish her evidence on critical points. I shall illustrate with an example. On 20 April 2022, while on the stand, Ms Tiong brought to court and sought to adduce eight to nine strips of Xanax which were not disclosed before the trial. ²³⁹ These Xanax tablets were purportedly given to her by Dr Chan. These eight to nine strips of Xanax would have added another 80 to 90 tablets to the count allegedly provided to her by Dr Chan. Her explanation for this sudden appearance of more Xanax tablets was that she unwittingly found them while moving house. ²⁴⁰ However, her own lawyer stated in court that he was not aware of the extra tablets of Xanax Ms Tiong was in possession of. ²⁴¹ When asked further when she moved house, Ms Tiong stated that she did so in January 2021. ²⁴² Despite finding the extra tablets of Xanax in January 2021, Ms Tiong did not raise them to anyone until more than a year later during the trial. In these circumstances, Ms Tiong’s account that she found these extra tablets of Xanax given to her by Dr Chan was extremely suspicious. Taken together with the rest of the material inconsistencies in her evidence, this raised serious doubts about her credibility and reliability as a witness.

174 Moreover, as counsel for Dr Chan points out, if Dr Chan had indeed provided her these eight to nine Xanax strips as alleged, this would have seriously contradicted her earlier position that she was given 120 to 150 tablets of Xanax by Dr Chan. ²⁴³ At the same time, her latest allegation that she found the eight and nine Xanax strips would also further seriously contradict her earlier various versions as illustrated in the table above at [91]. This arises from how Ms Tiong had previously disclosed to the court the packaging of 84 tablets of Xanax. ²⁴⁴ Adding the disclosed amount of 84 tablets together with the subsequent 80 to 90 tablets from the new eight to nine strips of Xanax she unexpectedly produced while on the stand would bring the alleged total to 164 to 174 tablets of Xanax. This new total of 164 to 174 tablets is a marked difference from her versions at [95] above.

175 Further, material inconsistencies were almost ubiquitous in Ms Tiong’s evidence during cross-examination on pertinent issues related to her claims. I have analysed the inconsistencies in her evidence on the material issues of the frequency with which Dr Chan gave Ms Tiong Xanax and the quantity of Xanax she was given (see [86]–[107] above). I further note that Ms Tiong agreed during cross-examination that (a) Dr Chan was very careful to ensure she did not take medication unnecessarily; ²⁴⁵ and (b) Dr Chan did not want to expose her to the risk of dependence on medication. ²⁴⁶ These positions are inconsistent with her pleaded position in the Plaintiff’s Opening Statement, where she argued that Dr Chan gave her Xanax in a “free and easy manner”. ²⁴⁷

176 Another example that Ms Tiong is parsimonious with the truth relates to her motive for the present suit. During cross-examination, Ms Tiong disagreed that she was out to damage Dr Chan’s reputation. ²⁴⁸ This is patently inconsistent with numerous contemporaneous text messages where Ms Tiong demanded that Dr Chan transfer money to her as compensation for the legal fees she incurred in her divorce, lest she takes action against him in “wave[s]” and causes Dr Chan to lose his reputation: ²⁴⁹

177 During cross-examination, Ms Tiong confirmed that she was threatening Dr Chan during the above exchanges: ²⁵⁰

178 Ms Tiong later backtracked in her position and stated that she did not intend to damage Dr Chan’s reputation as she was deeply in love with him at that time: ²⁵¹

179 I find that this claim is inherently at odds with the contemporaneous evidence at [176] above, where Ms Tiong clearly alluded to the importance of Dr Chan’s reputation as a medical doctor. Read in context with the previous message that Dr Chan must agree to her terms that day or “[i]t will be much wors[e]”, the logical conclusion to be drawn is that Ms Tiong would take steps to hurt Dr Chan’s reputation if he did not agree to her terms. Further, a few minutes later, Ms Tiong again changed her position and agreed that she was threatening Dr Chan to damage his reputation: ²⁵²

180 From the above, it is clear that Ms Tiong’s evidence on whether she intended to damage Dr Chan’s reputation fluctuated and this further gravely undermined her credibility as a witness.

181 Ms Tiong also embellished her account of key events. For instance, regarding the incident on 13 June 2018 when she confronted Dr Chan at his office, Ms Tiong alleged during cross-examination that she was of unsound mind at the time. ²⁵³ Not only was this allegation raised belatedly, it is also inconsistent with the contemporaneous evidence. Ms Tiong also attributed her aggression for this incident to consuming Xanax. Viewed in the correct context, the aggression was not purportedly due to the side effects of Xanax. Instead, it was her personal vendetta and her anger that Dr Chan had spurned her love for him, which drove her to take revenge. Ms Tiong clearly had the presence of mind to surreptitiously record the conversation with Dr Chan and submitted the recording with her complaint to the SMC six days later, ie, 18 June 2018. ²⁵⁴ This is not the behaviour consistent with someone of unsound mind. Rather, these appear to be the premeditated and calculated actions of a scorned lover out for revenge as Dr Chan decided to end the relationship with Ms Tiong in May 2018.

182 In CA 129, the Court of Appeal, in upholding Chua J’s decision to dismiss Ms Tiong’s application for leave to commence the Derivative Action Suit, stated as follows:

183 I agree with and reiterate the Court of Appeal’s sentiments. In my view, Ms Tiong displayed a willing readiness to compromise the court process for her own personal vendetta. This became crystal clear when she took the stand. Ms Tiong exaggerated her answers in court and appeared insouciant when relaying the basic facts of her case, most pertinently the quantity of Xanax she was provided. She even admitted that she had not calculated the precise number of Xanax tablets provided to her before filing her claim for medical negligence and only did so the night before the third day of the trial. This was after she was put on the spot by counsel for Dr Chan on the second day of the trial. ²⁵⁵ The final death knell came when Ms Tiong affirmed that she would not have commenced the present suit if she were in a relationship with Dr Chan: ²⁵⁶

184 Regarding the numerous inconsistencies in Ms Tiong’s case, she attempted to explain that she was suffering from memory loss as a result of consuming Xanax. But as I have found above at [100], her reliance on “memory loss” as an explanation at best suggests that her recollection of the events and her testimony in court are unreliable and cannot be believed as she is saying that her memory is impaired, and at worst suggests that she indulges in selective loss of memory at her convenience.

185 The above exchange, taken together with the context of the dispute and the evidence surfaced during the trial, confirmed that Ms Tiong’s commencement of the present suit was borne out of personal spite or a vendetta. Ms Tiong has no doubt been deeply hurt by Dr Chan’s infidelity and this is understandable. However, pursuing court action without merit just to drag Dr Chan’s name through the mud is an abuse of the court process.

186 Given the circumstances, I find that Ms Tiong was an unreliable witness whose evidence on the stand was coloured by her bitter feelings and the desire to publicly punish and shame Dr Chan.

187 Ms Tiong claims that Dr Chan’s account of the events should be doubted on the following grounds:

188 The fact that Dr Chan did not pursue a counterclaim against Ms Tiong for malicious prosecution does not render his account that Ms Tiong had extorted him less believable. The SPF, after investigating the matter, concluded that Ms Tiong had committed the offence of attempted extortion under s 385 of the Penal Code and issued Ms Tiong a warning in lieu of prosecution. Further, Dr Chan’s account is plainly supported by contemporaneous evidence, ie, the transcripts of their WhatsApp messages where Ms Tiong had demanded money from him (see [176] above).

189 I have already dealt with the evidence on Ms Tiong’s alleged suicide attempt at [79] above and concluded that it is inconclusive as to whether Ms Tiong did attempt suicide in front of Dr Chan. Dr Chan did not admit that there was specifically a suicide attempt, though he accepted that there was an “incident with a knife” where Ms Tiong was disarmed quickly: ²⁵⁹

190 Based on Dr Chan’s account of the event, Ms Tiong could either have been threatening to hurt herself or Dr Chan. In these circumstances, asserting that Dr Chan lied about the matter is an overstatement.

191 On the whole, I find that Dr Chan’s testimony was largely untarnished by inconsistencies when weighed against Ms Tiong’s testimony. However, this does not in any way excuse or vindicate Dr Chan’s disturbing conduct. In this regard, I reiterate the words of See J in the Defamation Appeal at [86]:

192 Doctors such as Dr Chan, who are entrusted with the care of physically or mentally vulnerable patients, are subject to high levels of professional scrutiny in the discharge of their duties. Dr Chan does not dispute that he owed Ms Tiong a duty of care by virtue of his medical expertise. ²⁶⁰ A fortiori, Dr Chan’s disgraceful use of women including Ms Tiong as his sex objects and the disturbing pride with which he gloated about his sexual conquests in the WhatsApp exchanges with Dr Ong suggest that he is a person with serious and grave character defects. Dr Chan’s conduct in exploiting Ms Tiong and other women for his own perverse desires is debauched, degenerate and highly deserving of censure.

193 For the above reasons, I dismiss Ms Tiong’s claims against Dr Chan. I make the following findings:

(a) Ms Tiong has failed to prove on a balance of probabilities that Dr Chan was negligent in giving her Xanax. Dr Chan’s version of the facts is to be preferred over Ms Tiong’s. Dr Lim’s expert opinion is that the associated risk of dependency from Dr Chan’s 14 tablets of Xanax to Ms Tiong is very low. In any case, there is no objective evidence supporting Ms Tiong’s claim that she suffered harm in the form of side effects from consuming high quantities of Xanax and a Xanax addiction.

(b) Ms Tiong has failed to prove her claim under the rule in Wilkinson on a balance of probabilities. There is no evidence that Dr Chan made the Statement to her or that she was induced by the Statement to enter into sexual relations with Dr Chan. In any event, it has not been proven that Dr Chan made the Statement with the intention to cause Ms Tiong psychiatric harm or that Ms Tiong suffered psychiatric harm as a result of her subsequent discovery that the Statement was false arising from Dr Chan’s infidelity.

194 Indeed, the adage that hell hath no fury like a woman scorned best describes the vitriolic actions of Ms Tiong. This case is the latest episode in Ms Tiong’s plot for revenge against the one who spurned her. Ultimately, no true winner has emerged from this entire debacle. Although I have ruled against Ms Tiong, Dr Chan has borne, and will continue to bear, the shame of having his wanton and depraved behaviour aired in public for all to see.

195 Ms Tiong is to pay costs, to be agreed or taxed, to Dr Chan.