1 The accused claimed trial to one charge of having in his possession for the purpose of trafficking not less than 61.19 grams of diamorphine under s 5(1)(a) read with s 5(2) of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap 185, 2008 Rev Ed) (“MDA”).

2 The accused is Iswan bin Ali (“Iswan”), a 48-year-old male Singaporean citizen. ¹ The key facts are as follows.

3 On 9 April 2020, at about 12.45am, officers from the Central Narcotics Bureau (“CNB”) conducted a raid on Iswan’s home at Block 90 Pipit Road [unit redacted]. ² Station Inspector Tay Keng Chye, Sunny (PW17) (“SI Sunny Tay”), Staff Sergeant Nor Saharil bin Sulaimai (PW22) (“SS Saharil”) and Sergeant (3) Syazwan bin Daud Mohamed (PW37) (“Sgt 3 Syazwan”) arrested Iswan in the unit. ³

4 At about 12.53am, Iswan informed Sgt 3 Syazwan, in Malay, that there were drugs kept in his car (bearing plate number SJL6639L) (the “Car”). ⁴ Thereafter, Sgt 3 Syazwan seized one Honda car remote key from Iswan. ⁵

5 At about 1.20am, the CNB officers escorted Iswan to the carpark. ⁶ At about 1.25am, Senior Staff Sergeant Muhammad Fardlie bin Ramlie (PW38) (“SSS Fardlie”) conducted a search of the Car in Iswan’s presence. ⁷ Amongst other things, six packets containing granular / powdery substance were seized from the following locations in the Car (the “Seized Drug Exhibits”): ⁸

6 All the seized exhibits were packed by SSS Fardlie and Sgt 3 Syazwan. ⁹ The search of the Car ended at 2.15am. ¹⁰ After the search ended, Sgt 3 Syazwan handed the seized exhibits over to SI Sunny Tay. ¹¹ At about 2.22am, SI Sunny Tay handed over all the seized items to Inspector Eng Chien Loong Eugene (PW39) (“Insp Eugene”). ¹²

7 On the same day, at or around 3.55am, the CNB officers escorted Iswan to his registered address at Block 627 Yishun Street 71 [unit redacted] and conducted a search of the unit. ¹³ During the search, the officers seized, amongst other things, one packet of crystalline substance (later marked “J1A1”). ¹⁴

8 Insp Eugene retained custody of all the seized exhibits (including the Seized Drug Exhibits and J1A1) until they were processed at the Exhibit Management Room (“EMR”) in the CNB by Station Inspector Asilah Binte Rahman (PW48) (“IO Asilah”), Station Inspector Cindy Ow (PW41) (“SI Cindy Ow”), and members from the CNB Forensic Response Team. ¹⁵ At about 9.15am, Insp Eugene handed custody of the remaining seized exhibits (ie, Iswan’s personal properties that were seized) to Inspector Daniel Yeo (PW40) (“Insp Daniel”) to continue with the processing of exhibits. ¹⁶ The entire processing of exhibits ended at about 9.47am. ¹⁷

9 At about 9.51am, IO Asilah and SI Cindy Ow commenced the weighing of the Seized Drug Exhibits. ¹⁸ The Seized Drug Exhibits were weighed between 9.51am and 9.55am. ¹⁹ Iswan witnessed the entire exhibit weighing process through a glass panel. ²⁰ The respective weights of the Seized Drug Exhibits were as follows: ²¹

10 Subsequently, the Seized Drug Exhibits were sealed and kept by IO Asilah in her locked cabinet at the CNB HQ. ²² Only IO Asilah had access to her locked cabinet. ²³ At around 12.00pm, IO Asilah handed over the case exhibits, including the Seized Drugs Exhibits, to SI Cindy Ow who submitted them to Senior Staff Sergeant Chang Tat Yien (PW42) (“SSS Chang”) of the CNB Exhibit Management Team (“EMT”). ²⁴ Thereafter, SSS Chang kept the said exhibits in a locked cabinet in the EMT office (the “Locked Cabinet”). ²⁵

11 On the same day, sometime before 3.14pm, Sergeant (3) Muhammad Sufyan bin Mohamed Khairolzaman (PW43) (“Sgt 3 Sufyan”) collected, amongst other exhibits, the Seized Drug Exhibits and Exhibit J1A1 and brought them to Lim Jong Lee Wendy (PW44) (“Wendy Lim”) from the Health Sciences Authority (“HSA”) for analysis. ²⁶

12 Wendy Lim issued nine certificates dated 15 May 2020, under s 16 of the MDA, in respect of the Seized Drug Exhibits: ²⁷

13 During the investigations, a total of two contemporaneous statements and eight statements pursuant to s 22 of the Criminal Procedure Code (Cap 68, 2012 Rev Ed) (“CPC”) were recorded from Iswan. These are as follows: ²⁸

14 Iswan did not challenge the voluntariness and admissibility of the aforementioned contemporaneous and investigation statements (see above at [13]). ³⁹ However, he sought to make some amendments and/or clarifications to his statements during the trial. ⁴⁰

15 During the investigations, five cautioned statements were also recorded from Iswan pursuant to s 23 of the CPC. ⁴¹ These five statements relate to the stood down charges and are irrelevant for the present purposes. ⁴²

16 On 20, 21 and 30 April 2020, Dr Kenneth Gerard Koh Wun Wu (PW45) (“Dr Koh”) conducted a psychiatric assessment on Iswan. ⁴³

17 Section 5 of the MDA states that:

18 “Traffic” is defined under s 2 of the MDA:

19 The elements of a charge under s 5(1)(a) of the MDA have been summarised in the decision of the Court of Appeal in Muhammad Ridzuan bin Md Ali v Public Prosecutor and other matters [2014] 3 SLR 721 (at [59]), as follows: ⁴⁴

20 The Prosecution submits that Iswan had admitted to possession and knowledge of the Seized Drug Exhibits. ⁴⁵ Therefore, the only issue is whether Iswan had possessed the Seized Drug Exhibits for the purpose of trafficking. ⁴⁶

21 The Prosecution relies on the presumption, pursuant to s 17 of the MDA, to establish that Iswan had possessed the Seized Drug Exhibits for the purpose of trafficking. ⁴⁷ Section 17 of the MDA sets out that:

According to the Prosecution, as Iswan was proved to have in his possession 61.19g of diamorphine, the presumption of trafficking would apply. The Prosecution further submits that Iswan has not rebutted the presumption. ⁴⁸ Accordingly, the charge under s 5(1)(a) read with s 5(2) of the MDA is made out.

22 The thrust of the Defence’s case rests on two main submissions.

(a) First, the Defence submits that, as there were alleged gaps in the chain of custody of the Seized Drug Exhibits, the Prosecution has failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the exhibits analysed by HSA were indeed the Seized Drug Exhibits. ⁴⁹

(b) Second, the Defence contends that the Prosecution has not proven that Iswan possessed the Seized Drug Exhibits for the purpose of trafficking. ⁵⁰ In support of this, the Defence makes two main arguments in relation to two categories of exhibits:

(i) The Defence submits that four of the Seized Drug Exhibits, namely, Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1, did not belong to Iswan. ⁵¹ Instead, these four exhibits belonged to one Zahari bin Samat (PW49) (also known as “Bob”) (“Zahari”). The Defence submits that Iswan had merely held the drugs for Zahari as a “bailee”, and therefore his actions would not constitute “trafficking” as defined in the MDA. ⁵² Only Exhibits C1A and C1B belonged to Iswan. ⁵³

(ii) As for Exhibits C1A and C1B, the Defence alludes to a defence of consumption. The Defence points to Iswan’s evidence in court that Exhibits C1A and C1B were for his own consumption, ⁵⁴ as well as evidence of Iswan’s high drug consumption. ⁵⁵

23 In determining whether the Prosecution has proven the offence under s 5(1)(a) of the MDA beyond a reasonable doubt, there are two main issues:

24 It is incumbent on the Prosecution to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the drug exhibits analysed by the HSA are the very ones that were initially seized by the CNB officers from the accused (Mohamed Affandi bin Rosli v Public Prosecutor and another appeal [2019] 1 SLR 440 (“Mohamed Affandi”) at [39]). ⁵⁶ To do so, the Prosecution must show an unbroken chain of custody. There cannot be a single moment that is unaccounted for if this would give rise to a reasonable doubt as to the identity of the exhibits (Mohamed Affandi at [39], citing Public Prosecutor v Chen Mingjian [2009] 4 SLR(R) 946 at [4]).

25 The Defence may also seek to suggest that there is a break in the chain of custody (Mohamed Affandi at [39]). Nonetheless, it is well established that “speculative arguments about the possibility of contamination will not be entertained” [emphasis in original omitted], and the chain of custody need not be laboriously proved by calling witnesses to testify to each step in every case (Mohamed Affandi at [41]). In the present case, the Defence raises three main issues with the chain of custody:

26 The Prosecution disputes all three issues raised by the Defence and argues that it has “led clear evidence in respect of the chain of custody of the Seized [Drug Exhibits]” from the moment that they were seized to the point that they were submitted to the HSA for analysis. ⁶⁰

27 I find that the Prosecution has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the drug exhibits analysed by the HSA were the Seized Drug Exhibits.

28 Before I give my reasons, I deal with the Prosecution’s submission that Iswan had conceded in cross-examination that he did not have any basis to dispute that the Seized Drug Exhibits were handed over to the HSA for analysis and had no basis to make allegations of any contamination of the Seized Drug Exhibits. ⁶¹ I am of the view that such admission is, by itself, insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that there was no break in the chain of custody. The Prosecution has a duty to “account for the movement of exhibits from the point of seizure to the point of analysis” (Mohamed Affandi at [39]). The Prosecution’s duty to ensure a complete chain of custody is paramount, especially since it could be a matter of life and death (Mohamed Affandi at [40], citing Chao Hick Tin J’s dissenting judgment in Lim Swee Seng v Public Prosecutor [1995] 1 SLR(R) 32 at [70]). Therefore, in finding that the Prosecution has proven the chain of custody beyond a reasonable doubt, I do not place weight on Iswan’s aforementioned concession. I address the three issues in turn.

29 The Defence submits that the Prosecution is unable to identify the officer who had taken out the Seized Drug Exhibits from the Locked Cabinet after they were placed there by SSS Chang, and how the said exhibits were delivered to HSA for analysis. ⁶²

30 The Defence has overstated the alleged break in the chain of custody. The evidence makes clear that (a) SSS Chang placed the Seized Drug Exhibits in the Locked Cabinet (see above at [10]), ⁶³ (b) the EMT duty officer of the day opened the Locked Cabinet, retrieved the Seized Drug Exhibits and passed them to Sgt 3 Sufyan, ⁶⁴ and (c) Sgt 3 Sufyan “collected” the Seized Drug Exhibits and handed them over to the HSA for analysis (see above at [11]). ⁶⁵ It was the practice for the EMT duty officer of the day, who would have access to the key to the Locked Cabinet, to take out the exhibits from the Locked Cabinet and hand them over to the various EMT officers for the EMT officers to dispatch the exhibits to the various labs. ⁶⁶ The only real issue in the present case is that the identity of the EMT duty officer is unknown. ⁶⁷ This is borne out by the Defence’s cross-examination of Sgt 3 Sufyan, as reproduced below: ⁶⁸

31 As stated by the Court of Appeal in Lai Kam Loy and others v Public Prosecutor [1993] 3 SLR(R) 143 (“Lai Kam Loy”) (at [38]), the Prosecution only needs to laboriously call every single witness to establish the chain of possession of the seized drugs where a doubt as to the identity of an exhibit has arisen. Such a doubt may arise where there was a shortfall in the number of exhibits or a failure to mark the exhibits (Lai Kam Loy at [38]).

32 In the present case, there is no doubt as to the identity of any of the Seized Drug Exhibits. Having regard to the sealing and storage of the Seized Drug Exhibits, I am satisfied that the Prosecution’s case is not affected by the failure to identify the EMT duty officer.

33 Firstly, SSS Chang testified that he had kept all the exhibits in the Locked Cabinet inside the EMT office. ⁶⁹ He also testified that the Locked Cabinet was only accessible by EMT officers. ⁷⁰ This is because the key to the Locked Cabinet is kept inside a safe in the EMT office. ⁷¹ This significantly reduces the likelihood of any tampering and/or break in the chain of custody of the Seized Drug Exhibits. Although the identity of the EMT duty officer is unknown, it is clear that SSS Chang placed the Seized Drug Exhibits in the Locked Cabinet and it was Sgt 3 Sufyan who took delivery of the Seized Drug Exhibits from the EMT duty officer and handed them over to the HSA's Wendy Lim for analysis. ⁷²

34 Secondly, all the Seized Drug Exhibits were duly marked. As indicated by the HSA certificates issued by Wendy Lim, the exhibits which she analysed bore the exact markings of the Seized Drug Exhibits which SSS Chang had placed in the Locked Cabinet. ⁷³ Wendy Lim also testified that she had ensured that the information on the exhibit label, the submission form, as well as the contents of the exhibit were consistent. ⁷⁴

35 Thirdly, the Seized Drug Exhibits were all sealed in tamper-proof bags when placed in the Locked Cabinet. ⁷⁵ SSS Chang testified that he had ensured that the Seized Drug Exhibits were all sealed in tamper-proof bags and there was no tampering before placing the exhibits in the Locked Cabinet. ⁷⁶ Sgt 3 Sufyan also testified that when he received the Seized Drug Exhibits from the EMT duty officer of the day, he made sure that the tamper-proof bags were all properly sealed and there was no sign of tampering. ⁷⁷ Wendy Lim further testified that when she received the Seized Drug Exhibits for analysis, there was no sign of tampering and there was no tampering or alteration of the exhibits while they were in her custody. ⁷⁸ Any sign of tampering would have been obvious as the word “void” would have appeared at the top of the tamper-proof bags. ⁷⁹ This was not the case here.

36 Therefore, having considered the other evidence, I conclude that the failure to identify the EMT duty officer who handed the Seized Drug Exhibits over to Sgt 3 Sufyan is not sufficient, by itself, to raise any reasonable doubt that the Seized Drug Exhibits were the very exhibits analysed by the HSA. I take the view that, on the facts of this case, there is no break in the chain of custody that would cast doubt on the identity of the exhibits. However, to avoid such an issue arising in the future, it will be a matter of good practice for the name of the EMT duty officer who retrieves exhibits from the Locked Cabinet and delivers them to the EMT officers to be recorded.

37 The Defence also takes issue with the differing weights of the Seized Drug Exhibits as recorded by IO Asilah and as reflected in the HSA certificates. ⁸⁰ However, some of the Defence’s calculations as to the said differences in weight are erroneous. ⁸¹ I therefore set out a table with the actual differences in the recorded weights, having considered both IO Asilah’s statement and the HSA certificates: ⁸²

38 During cross-examination, IO Asilah put forward two possible reasons for the differing weights: (a) the packaging of the original package of the Seized Drug Exhibits; or (b) the weighing scale that was used by the CNB. ⁸³ In relation to (b), IO Asilah emphasised that there was no problem with the weighing scales, but that it was simply “how [the CNB’s] weighing scale[s] measure[d]”. ⁸⁴

39 The Prosecution’s main submission is that the discrepancies in the recorded weights are from the weights of the original packaging of the Seized Drug Exhibits (ie, (a)). ⁸⁵ IO Asilah testified, during re-examination, that when she weighed the Seized Drug Exhibits at the CNB she weighed the entire exhibits (ie, both the powdery substances and the plastic bags they were contained in). ⁸⁶ Wendy Lim provided evidence, during the course of the trial, that the weights in the HSA certificates pertained only to the powdery substances. ⁸⁷

40 I accept this explanation. The photographic evidence shows that Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1 were contained in the same type of plastic bags. ⁸⁸ For these four exhibits, the weight discrepancy between the CNB weights and the HSA weights is consistently around 2.87g to 2.99g. Exhibits C1A and C1B were contained in a different type of plastic bag from the previous four exhibits (ie, a clear Ziplock bag), ⁸⁹ and reflect a similar weight discrepancy of around 5.16g to 5.2g.

41 The Court of Appeal in Nguyen Tuong Van v Public Prosecutor [2005] 1 SLR(R) 103 (“Nguyen Tuong Van”) stated (at [38]), “what is crucially important is to ensure that there has been no mixing of the drug exhibits or the tampering of the contents”. In the present case, there is no suggestion of any mixing or tampering of the Seized Drug Exhibits. I am reinforced in my conclusion by the fact that there is no dispute that the Seized Drug Exhibits were marked and contained in tamper-proof bags that were properly sealed when delivered to the HSA for analysis (see [35] above). ⁹⁰ Wendy Lim testified that she had checked that the seals of all the exhibits were intact, and that the information on the exhibit label, the submission form as well as the content of the exhibit were consistent. ⁹¹ Further, the Prosecution has adduced evidence that the Seized Drug Exhibits were properly handed over from one officer to another officer (see [5]–[12] above) (Nguyen Tuong Van at [38]). To my mind, there is sufficient evidence to establish that the Seized Drug Exhibits were the very exhibits analysed by the HSA.

42 The Defence further calls into question the fact that Sgt 3 Sufyan “could not explain why Exhibit J1A1 was not mentioned in the condition[ed] statement” of Wendy Lim. ⁹² In particular, Wendy Lim’s statement indicated that she had issued nine certificates in respect of exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A, B1A1, C1A, C1B, C1C1, C1D1 and E2A, but did not make mention of Exhibit J1A1. ⁹³ The Defence contends that this casts doubt as to the chain of custody of the Seized Drug Exhibits.

43 The Defence’s submission fails. Wendy Lim testified during the trial that, in addition to the nine listed exhibits, she had in fact also received another exhibit which was Exhibit J1A1. ⁹⁴ The Prosecution explained that they had omitted references to Exhibit J1A1 as Exhibit J1A1 was not part of the proceeded charge. ⁹⁵ The Defence itself accepted that Exhibit J1A1 could be excluded as it was not relevant to the proceeded charge. ⁹⁶ As Exhibit J1A1 is not relevant to the charge before me, ⁹⁷ and there is a proper explanation for its omission, I do not find the omission of Exhibit J1A1 in Wendy Lim’s statement to be relevant.

44 For all the foregoing reasons, the Prosecution has proven that the Seized Drug Exhibits were the very ones analysed by the HSA beyond a reasonable doubt.

45 As indicated above (at [19]), the elements of the charge under s 5 of the MDA are: (a) that the accused was in possession of the drugs; (b) that the accused had knowledge of the nature of the drugs in his possession; and (c) that the drugs were for the purpose of trafficking (that was unauthorised).

46 The Defence does not seriously contend that Iswan did not possess or did not know of the nature of the Seized Drug Exhibits. The crux of the defence is, therefore, whether Iswan had possessed the Seized Drug Exhibits for the purpose of trafficking. Nevertheless, I first explain my reasons for finding that the possession and knowledge elements of the charge are made out.

47 In my view, Iswan was in possession of the Seized Drug Exhibits. The Seized Drug Exhibits were found in Iswan’s Car. ⁹⁸ During cross-examination, Iswan admitted that the Seized Drug Exhibits were placed in the Car by him and that they were in his possession: ⁹⁹

The Defence also admits that Iswan “did not deny [that] he had possession of the seized drugs”. ¹⁰⁰

48 The Defence does not dispute the fact that Iswan knew that the Seized Drug Exhibits were diamorphine. Iswan stated, both during cross-examination at trial and in his contemporaneous and investigation statements, in no uncertain terms that he knew that the Seized Drug Exhibits were diamorphine.

49 During cross-examination, Iswan testified that he knew that the Seized Drug Exhibits contained ‘heroin’ or ‘panas’, which are the street names for diamorphine: ¹⁰¹

50 Iswan’s knowledge of the nature of the Seized Drug Exhibits is similarly borne out by his contemporaneous and investigation statements:

51 Having surveyed all the evidence before me, I conclude that Iswan knew of the nature of the Seized Drug Exhibits.

52 The Prosecution submits that as the Seized Drug Exhibits contain 61.19g of diamorphine, which far exceeds the 2g threshold, the presumption of trafficking pursuant to s 17 of the MDA should apply. ¹⁰⁷ The Prosecution further asserts that Iswan has not rebutted the presumption of trafficking. ¹⁰⁸ The Defence’s case is that of the six Seized Drug Exhibits, four belonged to Zahari (ie, A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1) and only two were for Iswan’s own consumption (ie, C1A and C1B). ¹⁰⁹ Iswan’s final version of events, as set out in the Defence’s closing submissions, is as follows:

(a) Zahari had asked Iswan to buy five ‘batu’ from Iswan’s supplier, “Joe Cartel”, ¹¹⁰ and paid Iswan $15,000 for the same (ie, $3,000 per ‘batu’).

(b) Iswan purchased a total of six ‘batu’ from Joe Cartel, of which five were for Zahari and one was for himself. ¹¹¹

(c) Of the five ‘batu’ for Zahari, Zahari gave one ‘batu’ to Zahari’s customer on 8 April 2020, whilst in Iswan’s Car at Beach Road. ¹¹² Zahari thereafter instructed Iswan to keep the remaining four ‘batu’ and wait for his instructions, and to give one ‘batu’ to one Wadi later that night. ¹¹³ The four ‘batu’ that Iswan had kept for Zahari are Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1.

(d) Iswan split the one ‘batu’ which he had purchased for himself into Exhibits C1A and C1B. ¹¹⁴ These were for his own consumption. ¹¹⁵ Iswan also gave evidence that his drug consumption was heavy and that he had consumed part of Exhibit C1B on 8 April 2020. ¹¹⁶

53 Accordingly, the Defence submits that as Iswan was holding Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1 for Zahari, he was merely holding the drugs as a “bailee” and with a view to returning them to Zahari (see above at [22(b)(i)]). ¹¹⁷ As for Exhibits C1A and C1B, they were for Iswan’s own drug consumption (see above at [22(b)(ii)]). I consider the arguments in relation to (a) Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A, B1A1; and (b) Exhibits C1A and C1B, in turn.

54 The total amount of diamorphine in Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1 is 51.41g (see above at [12]). This exceeds the threshold amount under s 17 of the MDA. The presumption of trafficking applies. The question is whether the Defence has successfully rebutted the presumption of trafficking in relation to these four exhibits.

55 As pointed out by the Prosecution, Iswan’s version of events has shifted substantially over the course of investigations and trial. These inconsistences extend across numerous aspects of Iswan’s evidence. ¹¹⁸ For the present purposes, I only raise the two main areas of inconsistency. These are the ownership of the Seized Drug Exhibits and the purpose of the Seized Drug Exhibits. ¹¹⁹

56 With regards to the ownership of the Seized Drug Exhibits, there are at least four different accounts provided by Iswan.

(a) First, in Iswan’s 1st contemporaneous statement on 9 April 2020, he said that all the Seized Drug Exhibits belonged to him. ¹²⁰ This version is corroborated by Iswan’s 4th investigation statement on 15 April 2020 where he expressly stated, referring to all the Seized Drug Exhibits, “these heroin belongs [sic] to me. It is meant for me to consume and also to sell to my friends if they need it. I cannot differentiate which exhibits are meant for me to consume and to sell to my friends”. ¹²¹

(b) Second, during his medical examination with Dr Koh, Iswan informed Dr Koh that “he had given a wrong statement to the CNB and had now wanted to tell [Dr Koh] the correct version”. ¹²² Iswan informed Dr Koh that, in truth, the three bundles of drugs found under the spare tyre (ie, A1A1A, A1A2A and A1A3A) belonged to Zahari, while the rest of the Seized Drug Exhibits belonged to him. ¹²³ Iswan gave Zahari one ‘batu’, and was instructed to keep the remaining three ‘batu’ for Zahari (ie, A1A1A, A1A2A and A1A3A). ¹²⁴ This version of events is also reflected in Iswan’s 6th investigation statement on 5 January 2021, where Iswan said that “Exhibits ‘A1A1A’, ‘A1A2A’ and ‘A1A3A’ belong[ed] to Bob and this [sic] are the 3 batu which Bob had asked me to keep. 1 batu, Bob had handed over to his client, after he boarded my car on 8 April 2020”. ¹²⁵ Iswan sought to clarify, during the trial, that he had overlooked Exhibit B1A1. ¹²⁶

(c) Third, in Iswan’s 5th investigation statement on 12 November 2020, he stated that “some of [the] panas found in my car belongs to ‘Bob’”. ¹²⁷ In this version of events, Zahari requested for one ‘batu’ to give to his friend and told Iswan to keep the remaining two ‘batu’ on his behalf. ¹²⁸ During the trial, Iswan explained that he had told IO Asilah that four ‘batu’ belonged to Bob and that one ‘batu’ belonged to him. ¹²⁹

(d) Fourth, at trial, Iswan sought to explain his 4th investigation statement, saying that four of the Seized Drug Exhibits (ie, A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1) belonged to Zahari, while Exhibits C1A and C1B belonged to him. ¹³⁰ This is Iswan’s final version of events (as recounted above at [52]).

57 Iswan’s testimony regarding the purpose of the Seized Drug Exhibits has also morphed.

(a) The first version is that a portion of the Seized Drug Exhibits was for Iswan’s consumption and sale.

(i) In Iswan’s 1st contemporaneous statement dated 9 April 2020, he stated that Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A (initially marked as “B1A”) and B1A1 (initially marked “C1A”) were for “selling”, while Exhibits C1A and C1B (initially collectively marked as “D1A”) were for his own consumption. ¹³¹

(ii) In his 2nd investigation statement on 14 April 2020, Iswan said that of the six ‘batu’ which he had collected, he sold one ‘batu’ to Zahari and one packet of heroin (weighing 41g) to “Zafar”, which he had repacked in his car. ¹³² During the trial, Iswan explained that instead of him having sold one ‘batu’ to Zahari, he meant that he “gave” one ‘batu’ to him. ¹³³ IO Asilah disagreed that the word “sold” was a mistake. ¹³⁴

(iii) In Iswan’s 4th investigation statement on 15 April 2020, he confirmed that a portion of the Seized Drug Exhibits was for his own consumption and a portion was for him to sell to his friends. ¹³⁵ However, in this account, he was unable to differentiate which exhibits were meant for his own consumption and which were intended for sale. ¹³⁶ Iswan nonetheless maintained that Exhibits C1A and C1B were repacked from the same ‘batu’. Iswan opened the original ‘batu’, gave a packet of heroin weighing 41g to Zafar, and the remainder (ie, Exhibits C1A and C1B) was for his consumption. ¹³⁷

(b) The second version is that a portion of the Seized Drug Exhibits was held by Iswan on Zahari’s behalf. This is borne out in Iswan’s account of events to Dr Koh on 20 and 21 April 2020, his 5th investigation statement dated 12 November 2020, and his 6th investigation statement dated 5 January 2021. ¹³⁸ Nonetheless, the proportion of the Seized Drug Exhibits that were for safekeeping purposes differed across Iswan’s statements (as indicated above at [56(b)]–[56(d)]).

58 Iswan has proffered a few reasons for the inconsistencies in his accounts:

(a) First, Iswan had explained to Dr Koh that he gave a wrong statement to the CNB because he did not want to be a snitch. Dr Koh assumed that Iswan meant that he did not want to be a snitch on his “co-accused”. ¹³⁹ Iswan explained that instead of all of the Seized Drug Exhibits belonging to him, only some of the drugs were his while the rest belonged to Zahari. ¹⁴⁰

(b) Second, Iswan claimed that he was in a state of drug withdrawal when his 1st contemporaneous statement was recorded. ¹⁴¹

(c) Third, Iswan alleged that he was experiencing pain from a hernia at the right side of his abdomen during the 3rd investigation statement. ¹⁴²

(d) Finally, Iswan contended that he revealed that some of the Seized Drug Exhibits belonged to Zahari after his mother had convinced him that he should work together with the CNB to get a lighter sentence. ¹⁴³ According to Iswan, this alleged conversation with his mother had taken place on 15 April 2020. This was after his 4th investigation statement. ¹⁴⁴

59 I briefly consider the credibility of these explanations. Points (b) and (c) can be dealt with shortly. The Defence does not seriously pursue these points in its submissions. Iswan only suggested, during cross-examination, that his inconsistent statements were due to an alleged state of drug withdrawal and his hernia-induced pain. ¹⁴⁵ Neither was raised to Dr Koh as an explanation for Iswan’s change of statements. ¹⁴⁶ This casts some doubt on their veracity. I deal with the hernia-induced pain which Iswan claimed he had during the recording of the 3rd investigation statement. Although Iswan informed the investigation officer (“IO”) that he felt some pain near his waist, when he was asked if he wanted to continue with his statement recording, he had informed the IO that he wished to continue as he was okay and well to give his statement. ¹⁴⁷ As for the alleged state of drug withdrawal during the recording of his 1st contemporaneous statement, Iswan’s impugned statement that all the drugs belonged to him is corroborated by his 4th investigation statement (see above at [56(a)]). Although I consider Iswan’s defence of consumption later, for the present purposes, I simply note that these reasons (of an alleged drug withdrawal and a hernia-induced pain) are not credible and cannot, in my view, explain the inconsistencies in Iswan’s statements as to the ownership and purpose of the Seized Drug Exhibits (detailed above at [56]–[57]).

60 I turn to consider Iswan’s explanations in relation to the phone call with his mother (ie, point (d)). While the Prosecution accepts that Iswan’s phone call with his mother is a likely explanation for Iswan changing his account of events, ¹⁴⁸ the Prosecution argues that this was motivated by a desire to get a “lighter, non-capital, sentence” which is “self-serving”. ¹⁴⁹ I find that Iswan’s claim that he followed his mother’s advice to “work together with the CNB to get a lighter sentence” is at best neutral. It may be open to the interpretation that Iswan had, after the phone call, decided to truthfully assist the investigations and thus his later version of events should be accepted.

61 On the evidence before me, I find that there is also some veracity as to Iswan’s justification of not wanting to implicate Zahari (ie, point (a)). The Prosecution applied to call Zahari to the stand as a rebuttal witness pursuant to s 230(1)(t) of the Criminal Procedure Code 2010 (2020 Rev Ed). ¹⁵⁰ I allowed the Prosecution’s application. ¹⁵¹

62 The Prosecution and the Defence take conflicting interpretations of Zahari’s testimony. The Prosecution submits that Zahari denied any knowledge of the Seized Drug Exhibits. ¹⁵² The Defence argues that “when confront[ed] with the transcript of the [in-car] camera recording … Zahari … feigned he [could not] remember”. ¹⁵³ I found Zahari’s evidence to be largely unhelpful. Although Zahari consistently denied that the Seized Drug Exhibits belonged to him and vehemently disagreed with Iswan’s account, ¹⁵⁴ Zahari was a rather evasive witness. When cross-examined regarding the in-car camera recording of a conversation between Zahari and Iswan (the “in-car transcript”), Zahari repeatedly stated that he could not remember. ¹⁵⁵

63 It appears from the in-car transcript that Zahari had some involvement in the sale or distribution of the Seized Drug Exhibits. The in-car transcript shows Zahari instructing Iswan to send him one ‘batu’ of drugs, for Zahari to sell to Wadi: ¹⁵⁶

64 The in-car transcript contradicts Iswan’s 1st contemporaneous statement and 4th investigation statement that all the Seized Drug Exhibits were his. This lends some credence to Iswan’s explanation (in point (a)) for him changing the version of events. I caution that my views on Zahari’s involvement are not meant to pronounce on the substantive culpability of Zahari in relation to any charges formulated against him.

65 As there is some doubt as to whether some of the Seized Drug Exhibits belonged to Zahari, I go on to consider Iswan’s final version of events as set out above at [52].

66 In Ramesh a/l Perumal v Public Prosecutor and another appeal [2019] 1 SLR 1003 (“Ramesh a/l Perumal”), the Court of Appeal held (at [100]–[101]) that an accused who took custody of the drugs but intended to and in fact returned the drugs to the person who initially entrusted him with the drugs would not be found to come within the definition of “trafficking”. ¹⁵⁷ The rationale is that the definition of “traffic” in s 2 of the MDA specifies that “traffic” means to “sell, give, administer, transport, send, deliver, distribute or to offer to do any of these things”. The verb “return” is not found in that definition (Ramesh a/l Perumal at [103]). In going further to consider whether the term “deliver” could be interpreted to include the act of returning drugs to a person originally in possession of them, the court interpreted the terms “traffic” and “deliver” purposively and concluded that “Parliament’s intention was to target those involved in the supply and distribution of drugs within society” [emphasis in original] (Ramesh a/l Perumal at [108]). Therefore, the court concluded that (Ramesh a/l Perumal at [110]):

67 The court drew a distinction between possession with a view to returning the drugs to the person who originally deposited those drugs and possession with a view to passing the drugs onwards to a third party (Ramesh a/l Perumal at [110]). While the former does not form part of the process of disseminating drugs in a particular direction, the latter constitutes “part of the process of moving the drugs along a chain in which they will eventually be distributed to their final consumer” (Ramesh a/l Perumal at [110]).

68 The Court of Appeal made a further qualification in the decision of Roshdi bin Abdullah Altway v Public Prosecutor and another matter [2022] 1 SLR 535 (“Roshdi”). The court stated that Ramesh a/l Perumal “did not establish the general proposition that any ‘bailee’ who receives drugs intending to return them to the ‘bailor’ will never be liable for trafficking (or possession for the purpose of trafficking)” (Roshdi at [115]). Instead, much will depend on the circumstances (Roshdi at [115]). Therefore, where the ‘bailee’ in a ‘bailment’ arrangement knew or intended that the ‘bailment’ would be part of the process of supply and distribution of drugs within society, he would fall within the definition of “trafficking” (Roshdi at [116]). In establishing the requisite knowledge and/or intention, the court is concerned with the ‘bailee’s’ subjective state of mind at the material time but may also infer the relevant knowledge and/or intention from the surrounding objective facts (Roshdi at [117]).

69 The Defence’s argument that Iswan was holding Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1 for Zahari obscures the fact that Iswan had received money to obtain these exhibits from Joe Cartel for Zahari.

70 It is the Defence’s own case that Iswan had collected $15,000 from Zahari in exchange for the purchase of diamorphine (including Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1), from Joe Cartel, for Zahari: ¹⁵⁸

71 This is also borne out by the evidence. In Iswan’s 6th investigation statement, he stated that: ¹⁵⁹

72 This is corroborated by Iswan’s admission during cross-examination that he had collected money from Zahari for the purchase of “batu” from Joe Cartel: ¹⁶⁰

73 Further in Iswan’s 8th investigation statement, although he caveated that he did not receive any profit from Zahari, he admitted that Zahari ordered ‘panas’ from him: ¹⁶¹

74 The ‘batus’ or ‘panas’ referenced above (at [70]–[73]) consist of Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1. The evidence makes clear that Iswan collected $15,000 from Zahari for the purchase of Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1. In my view, this is sufficient to amount to the sale of drugs to Zahari – Iswan received money in exchange for goods (ie, drugs), regardless of whether he had made a profit from the sale or not.

75 Having sold Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1 to Zahari, it is perverse for Iswan to now argue that he was a bailee of these exhibits. An accused person who has sold the self-same drugs, that he was caught in possession of, to the person who he now says is the bailor, cannot rely on the bailee defence. This is because he is, without a doubt, part of the supply and distribution of drugs within society. Accordingly, it does not displace the presumption of trafficking for these exhibits.

76 In any event, it is also plain that Iswan knew that Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1 which he allegedly held for Zahari were meant to be passed on to other persons. Iswan accepted during cross-examination that the drugs found in his car on 9 April 2020 (ie, Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1) were meant to be passed on to other persons: ¹⁶²

77 It is also evident from Iswan’s 6th investigation statement that he knew that Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1 were to be passed on to Zahari’s customers: ¹⁶³

78 Additionally, the in-car transcript shows that Iswan knew that Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1 were to be distributed to other persons. I reproduce the relevant extracts of the in-car transcript below: ¹⁶⁴

79 This excerpt of the in-car transcript captures Zahari informing Iswan to give him one ‘batu’ later, for Zahari to sell to “Wadi”. ¹⁶⁵ Although Iswan stated that he did not dare, meaning that he “did not dare to sell at such a high price”, ¹⁶⁶ it is clear that he was aware that Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1 that he allegedly held for Zahari were for the purpose of sale to other persons. This coheres with Iswan’s 7th investigation statement, where he explained that: ¹⁶⁷

80 Therefore, even if Iswan had held Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1 with the intention of returning them to Zahari thereafter, he knew that this arrangement was part of the process and distribution of drugs within society which would amount to “trafficking”.

81 For the reasons above at [69]–[80], I find that the “bailee” defence fails. The Defence has not rebutted the presumption of trafficking in relation to Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1.

82 The total amount of diamorphine in Exhibits C1A and C1B is 9.78g (see above at [12]). This, by itself, also exceeds the threshold amount under s 17 of the MDA. The presumption of trafficking applies. I turn to consider the Defence’s position with regards to Exhibits C1A and C1B which Iswan alleges were for his own consumption.

83 There are several relevant factors in dealing with a defence of consumption: (a) the rate of drug consumption; (b) the frequency of supply; (c) whether the accused had the financial means to purchase the drugs for himself; and (d) whether he had made a contrary admission in any of his statements that the whole quantity of drugs was for sale (Muhammad bin Abdullah v Public Prosecutor and another appeal [2017] 1 SLR 427 at [31], citing Public Prosecutor v Kwek Seow Hock [2009] SGHC 202).

84 As mentioned above, Iswan’s testimony as to which of the Seized Drug Exhibits belonged to him had evolved over the course of the investigations and the trial (see above at [55]–[56]). For the present analysis, I adopt his final version of events as indicated in the Defence’s closing submissions (as set out at [52] above). In this version, Exhibits C1A and C1B belonged to Iswan and were for his own consumption. ¹⁶⁸

85 Iswan testified that his drug consumption was heavy. ¹⁶⁹ While Iswan testified both at trial and in his investigation statements that he had a high consumption of diamorphine, the amount he allegedly consumed daily vacillated. In Iswan’s 2nd investigation statement, he originally stated that he would “smoke about one bag of heroin which weigh[s] 7.5 grams” on average. ¹⁷⁰ In Iswan’s 7th investigation statement, he said that he smoked a total of one packet of heroin (weighing about 7.5g) per day, in which he consumed amounts of 3g to 4g two to three times in a day, although there were occasions where he had abused “up to two packets of heroin, each weighing 7.5 grams, in a day”. ¹⁷¹ At trial, Iswan clarified that he consumed 7.5g of heroin each time, two or three times a day (ie, amounting to 15g or 22.5g per day). ¹⁷²

86 Nonetheless, Iswan’s testimony, both in his police statements and at trial, has always been consistent that at least a portion of Exhibits C1A and C1B was for his own consumption. In Iswan’s 1st contemporaneous statement, Iswan stated that Exhibits C1A and C1B (initially marked as D1A) ¹⁷³ were his, for him “to smoke on [his] own”. ¹⁷⁴ Even in Iswan’s 4th investigation statement, he said that all the Seized Drug Exhibits (including Exhibits C1A and C1B) were for him to “consume and also to sell to [his] friends if they need it” [emphasis added]. ¹⁷⁵ He was however unable to differentiate the exhibits meant for his consumption or sale. ¹⁷⁶

87 There is also corroborative evidence of Iswan’s drug consumption. Dr Koh’s medical opinion was that Iswan had “substance use disorder (opiate and methamphetamine)”. ¹⁷⁷ The HSA toxicology report issued by Chan Si Jia (PW11), an analyst with the Analytical Toxicology Laboratory of the HSA, ¹⁷⁸ also indicated that Iswan’s urine sample contained traces of monoacetylmorphine as a result of the consumption of diamorphine. ¹⁷⁹

88 Given Iswan’s changing testimony on his rate of drug consumption (see above at [85]) and his 4th investigation statement where he could not clearly identify that Exhibits C1A and C1B were not for sale, I have great difficulty in accepting his final version of events that the entirety of Exhibits C1A and C1B was strictly for his consumption.

89 However, that does not detract from the fact that Iswan had remained consistent throughout that at least a portion of Exhibits C1A and C1B was for his own consumption. In other words, there is no contrary admission by Iswan that the whole quantity of drugs was for sale.

90 Although Iswan’s 4th investigation statement suggests that it is possible that a portion of Exhibits C1A and C1B was for sale, the exact proportion of drugs for sale and for Iswan’s own consumption is unclear.

91 The Prosecution takes the position that all the Seized Drug Exhibits were in Iswan’s possession for trafficking, ¹⁸⁰ but that does not cohere with the evidence before me. Regard must be had to Iswan’s claims that a portion of the Seized Drug Exhibits was for his consumption, Dr Koh’s medical opinion and the HSA toxicology report. The Defence’s submissions also do not substantially address the consumption defence. The Defence’s submissions do not go beyond simply factually listing out Iswan’s testimony at trial that Exhibits C1A and C1B were for his drug consumption and that his “drug consumption [was] heavy”. ¹⁸¹ In its reply, the Prosecution does not make any submission on Iswan’s consumption defence.

92 I do not find that Iswan’s admission of his sale of drugs to Zafar, either on Zahari’s instructions or on his own accord, ¹⁸² assists in determining whether Exhibits C1A and C1B were for trafficking. Iswan’s testimony is that Exhibits C1A and C1B collectively originated from one ‘batu’, of which Iswan had repacked into two packets as he had given a portion of the original ‘batu’ to one “Zafar”. ¹⁸³ However, the drugs that Iswan had allegedly given to Zafar do not form part of the charge before me. They do not form part of the Exhibits C1A and C1B. It is not possible for me to conclude that just because Iswan had sold a portion of the original ‘batu’ from which Exhibits C1A and C1B originated, that the entirety of Exhibits C1A and C1B was also for the purpose of sale.

93 Therefore, I am unable, based on the evidence and arguments before me, to make a finding as to the exact proportion of Exhibits C1A and C1B which was for sale or consumption.

94 Having considered Iswan’s consistent testimony that at least a portion of Exhibits C1A and C1B was for his consumption, Dr Koh’s medical opinion of Iswan’s substance use disorder and the HSA toxicology report indicating that he had consumed diamorphine prior to his arrest, I do not think that there is sufficient evidence to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the entirety of Exhibits C1A and C1B was for trafficking.

95 For the foregoing reasons, I find that 51.41g of diamorphine (in Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1) was in Iswan’s possession for the purpose of trafficking pursuant to the presumption in s 17 of the MDA. However, I find that Iswan has raised sufficient doubt as to whether Exhibits C1A and C1B were in his possession for the purpose of trafficking.

96 Section 128(1) of the Criminal Procedure Code 2010 (2020 Rev Ed) states:

97 As set out above (at [12]), Exhibits A1A1A, A1A2A, A1A3A and B1A1 weigh a total of 1843.8g and contain a total of not less than 51.41g of diamorphine. I exercise my power under s 128 of the CPC to alter the charge as follows:

98 I will hear the Prosecution and the Defence with regards to next steps for the altered charge.