1 To remit or not remit. That is the question.

2 The power to remit an arbitral award under Art 34(4) of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (the “Model Law”) enables a court, when faced with the fact that there has been some defect in the arbitral process which could result in the award being set aside, to take a course that might forestall such a drastic consequence: AKN and another v ALC and others and other appeals [2016] 1 SLR 966 at [25]. I found that the present case was one such instance where the exercise of that power was appropriate.

3 HC/OS 1115/2021 (“OS 1115”) is the plaintiff’s application to set aside a final award dated 5 August 2021 (the “Award”), issued by a sole arbitrator (the “Arbitrator” or the “Tribunal”) in Singapore International Arbitration Centre (“SIAC”) Arbitration No 279 of 2019 (consolidated with SIAC Arbitration No 280 of 2019) (the “Arbitration”). The plaintiff rests its challenge on s 24(b) of the International Arbitration Act (Cap 143A, 2002 Rev Ed) (the “IAA”), and Arts 34(2)(a)(ii) and 34(2)(a)(iii) of the Model Law.

4 Having carefully considered the parties’ arguments and the evidence before me, I was persuaded that the Arbitrator had breached the rules of natural justice, such that there were grounds for setting aside the Award under s 24(b) of the IAA. However, instead of setting aside the Award in its entirety, and at the defendant’s request, I exercised my powers under Art 34(4) of the Model Law to suspend the setting aside proceedings and remit the Award to the Tribunal. I informed the parties of my orders by way of brief oral grounds which I delivered on 27 May 2022. Aggrieved by my decision, the plaintiff has since filed an appeal. These are my full grounds of decision.

5 The plaintiff is a company incorporated in Singapore and is in the business of the import and export of various commodities. The defendant is a company incorporated in India and is in the business of mining and trading iron ore. ¹

6 In February 2017, the parties entered into two contracts for the sale of iron ore fines (the “Iron Ore Fines”) from the defendant to the plaintiff, as follows: ²

(collectively, the “Contracts”).

7 Under the Tiger Shanxi Contract, the defendant agreed to sell to the plaintiff 23,000 wet metric tonnes (“WMT”) of iron ore fines with 57% Fe (ie, iron) content at a base price of US$33.50 per dry metric ton (“DMT”), on a free on board basis. The port of loading was Haldia Port, India, and the port of discharge was in China. The parties subsequently agreed that the vessel “Tiger Shanxi” would be the vessel nominated to carry the cargo from India to China. ³

8 Under the Asia Ruby Contract, the defendant agreed to sell to the plaintiff 10,000 WMT of iron ore fines with 57% Fe content, at a base price of US$34.50 per DMT, on a free on board basis. The port of loading was Dhamra Port, India and the port of discharge was in China. The parties subsequently agreed that the vessel “Asia Ruby III” would be the vessel nominated to carry the cargo from India to China. ⁴

9 The Contracts each contained a price adjustment clause, which described how the base price of the Iron Ore Fines would be adjusted in the event that the iron content, impurities and physical specifications of the Iron Ore Fines delivered to the plaintiff deviated from the contractual specifications (the “Adjustment Clause”). The plaintiff also had the right under the Contracts to reject the entire cargo or renegotiate the price, if the iron content of the Iron Ore Fines fell below 56%. ⁵

10 The Contracts also each contained an arbitration agreement (collectively, the “Arbitration Agreements”), which provided as follows: ⁶

11 Pursuant to the Contracts, the defendant loaded the Iron Ore Fines onto the Tiger Shanxi and the Asia Ruby III by 28 February 2017 and 21 February 2017 respectively. ⁷ The Asia Ruby III arrived at her nominated port of discharge in Shandong, China, on or around 11 March 2017 and discharge was completed on the same day. The Tiger Shanxi arrived at her nominated port of discharge in Tangshan, China, on or around 1 April 2017 and discharge was completed on or around 3 April 2017. ⁸

12 It was not in dispute that the Iron Ore Fines did not meet the specifications stated in the Contracts (the “cargo defects”). In particular, the iron content of the Iron Ore Fines fell below the contractually specified minimum of 56%. The Iron Ore Fines supplied under the Tiger Shanxi Contract also contained an excess of silica content, while the Iron Ore Fines supplied under the Asia Ruby Contract contained an excess of silica and moisture content. ⁹

13 In light of the cargo defects, on 4 April 2017, the parties agreed to an addendum to each of the Contracts (collectively, the “Addenda”), with the aim of revising the final price of the Iron Ore Fines payable by the plaintiff to the defendant. ¹⁰ The material terms of the Addenda were as follows:

14 The Iron Ore Fines were blended with other cargoes purchased by the plaintiff. The Iron Ore Fines supplied under the Asia Ruby Contract were sold to third parties from April 2017 onwards, while the Iron Ore Fines supplied under the Tiger Shanxi Contract were sold to third parties from May 2017 onwards. ¹³ According to the plaintiff, the sales were completed by Glencore International AG (“Glencore”), in its capacity as the plaintiff’s agent. ¹⁴

15 On 30 May 2017, the plaintiff made a provisional payment of US$417,555.06 to the defendant in respect of the Contracts (the “Provisional Payment”). This amount was lower than the provisional price that the parties had agreed to under the Addenda, as the plaintiff alleged that the defendant had agreed to lower the provisional price of the Iron Ore Fines. ¹⁵

16 Disputes subsequently arose between the parties as to whether they had each fulfilled their obligations under the Contracts, as amended by the Addenda. On 13 August 2019, the defendant commenced two sets of arbitration proceedings against the plaintiff pursuant to the Arbitration Agreements, in SIAC Arbitration No 279 of 2019 (in respect of the Tiger Shanxi Contract) and SIAC Arbitration No 280 of 2019 (in respect of the Asia Ruby Contract). Both arbitration proceedings were subsequently consolidated by the consent of the parties. ¹⁶

17 The defendant’s primary claim in the Arbitration was for the original price of the Iron Ore Fines agreed upon by the parties under the Contracts (ie, US$33.50 and US$34.50 per DMT, see [7]–[8] above). The defendant contended that the plaintiff had failed to intimate it of the final price at which the Iron Ore Fines had been sold to third parties, and that the plaintiff should therefore be presumed to have utilised the entirety of the Iron Ore Fines for its own gain. ¹⁷ In the circumstances, the defendant’s position was that the parties should “revert” to the prices agreed upon by them under the Contracts. ¹⁸

18 On the other hand, the plaintiff’s case was that pursuant to the Price Adjustment Mechanism in the Addenda, the final price of the Iron Ore Fines should be determined by the actual price that they had been sold to third parties for. Further, the plaintiff highlighted that the Iron Ore Fines had been blended with the plaintiff’s own cargoes, and had been sold in various quantities on different dates and at different prices. ¹⁹ Accordingly, the plaintiff claimed that the final price of the Iron Ore Fines should be calculated with reference to the quantity and quality of the Iron Ore Fines that had been blended with the plaintiff’s cargo, and the prevailing market price of iron ore fines with similar iron content on the particular day of sale, as indicated by industry publications such as the “Mysteel” price index (the “plaintiff’s calculations”). ²⁰ The plaintiff’s calculations were set out in the witness statement of the plaintiff’s executive director, Mr Mahesh Kumar Agrawal (“Mr Agrawal”), which was filed in the Arbitration. ²¹ Based on the plaintiff’s calculations, the final price of the Iron Ore Fines should have been approximately US$58,678.80 less than the Provisional Payment. ²² The plaintiff therefore counterclaimed for this sum. Additionally, the plaintiff raised various counterclaims for damages for the defendant’s alleged breaches of the Contracts. ²³

19 The hearing of the Arbitration took place from 24 March 2021 to 25 March 2021. ²⁴ In the defendant’s opening statement on the first day of the hearing, the defendant’s counsel in the Arbitration appeared to question the precise role of Glencore in the sale of the Iron Ore Fines to third parties. In particular, it was suggested that Glencore had not acted as the plaintiff’s agent and had instead purchased the Iron Ore Fines from the plaintiff, as a buyer. ²⁵ In response to this contention, the plaintiff’s counsel in the Arbitration sought to introduce into evidence copies of invoices from Glencore, which had been translated from Mandarin to English (the “Glencore Invoices”). ²⁶ The plaintiff’s counsel in the Arbitration claimed that the Glencore Invoices would establish that Glencore had only acted as the plaintiff’s agent in the sale of the Iron Ore Fines, and that the Iron Ore Fines had not been sold to Glencore. ²⁷

20 The Arbitrator did not grant leave for the Glencore Invoices to be admitted during the hearing and took the matter under advisement. ²⁸ Following the conclusion of the hearing on 25 March 2021, the Arbitrator requested that the parties file post-hearing submissions on several issues, including: (a) the admissibility of the Glencore Invoices; and (b) any agency relationships that might have existed among the parties and Glencore. ²⁹

21 In the Award dated 5 August 2021, the Arbitrator found, inter alia, that:

(a) The Glencore Invoices were adduced too late and would therefore not be admitted into evidence. ³⁰

(b) The plaintiff was in breach of the Contracts and the Addenda, by failing to make payment of a 20% advance agreed to by the parties under the Contracts, and the provisional price as agreed to under the Addenda. ³¹

(c) Given the plaintiff’s failure to make payment for the Iron Ore Fines, title for the Iron Ore Fines had not passed from the defendant to the plaintiff. Accordingly, the plaintiff had acted as the defendant’s agent in the onward sale of the Iron Ore Fines to third parties, and therefore owed the defendant fiduciary duties. ³²

(d) The Price Adjustment Mechanism required both parties to consider the actual amounts realised from the sale of the Iron Ore Fines, and to jointly calculate the amounts due to the defendant. As the defendant’s fiduciary, the plaintiff was obliged to account to the defendant. The plaintiff had breached its fiduciary duties to the defendant by unilaterally calculating the final price of the Iron Ore Fines. The plaintiff had failed to keep the defendant informed of, inter alia, who the Iron Ore Fines had been sold to and the payment terms on which they had been sold. While some of this information had been provided by the plaintiff for the purposes of the Arbitration, this information had been adduced “too little, too late”. ³³

(e) The parties had not agreed upon a final price for the Iron Ore Fines in the Contracts, and the Price Adjustment Mechanism set out in the Addenda was “vague and ambiguous”. This had also been the first time that the parties had done business together. In the circumstances, applying s 8 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 (c 54) (UK) (the “SOGA”), the plaintiff was obliged to pay the defendant a “reasonable price”. ³⁴

(f) The plaintiff’s calculations were not helpful. While the plaintiff’s calculations had been endorsed by its expert witness, Mr Roger Emmott (“Mr Emmott”), Mr Emmott was a metallurgist who had no experience in the purchase and sale of iron ore fines. ³⁵

(g) The appropriate final price of the Iron Ore Fines was the original price agreed upon by the parties under the Contracts, with downward revisions made pursuant to the Adjustment Clause to take into account the cargo defects. ³⁶

(h) Given the plaintiff’s breach of the fiduciary duties it owed to the defendant in failing to account to the defendant how the final prices of the Iron Ore Fines were arrived at, the actual amount of proceeds realised from the sale of the Iron Ore Fines was immaterial. It was therefore not necessary to make a formal decision on the nature of the relationship between the plaintiff and Glencore, or on the precise role of Glencore in the sale of the Iron Ore Fines. ³⁷

(i) The plaintiff’s counterclaims were dismissed. ³⁸

22 The plaintiff filed OS 1115 on 3 November 2021, seeking to set aside the Award on the basis that (a) there had been a breach of the rules of natural justice in connection with the making of the Award under s 24(b) of the IAA; (b) the plaintiff had been unable to present its case under Art 34(2)(a)(ii) of the Model Law; and (c) the Award dealt with issues beyond the scope of the parties’ submission to arbitration under Art 34(2)(a)(iii) of the Model Law. Based on its written submissions, the plaintiff’s grievances appeared to concentrate on the following aspects:

(a) The Arbitrator had allowed the defendant to belatedly raise an issue about Glencore’s role in the onward sale of the Iron Ore Fines to third parties (the “Glencore Issue”). The plaintiff had not been afforded a reasonable opportunity to present its case on the Glencore Issue, which in any case was outside the scope of the parties’ submission to arbitration. ³⁹

(b) The Arbitrator had failed to appreciate the issues in the Arbitration, as evidenced by the fact that the Arbitrator had refused to admit the Glencore Invoices and had accorded little weight to the plaintiff’s calculations. ⁴⁰ Consequently, the plaintiff had also been deprived of an opportunity to present its case in respect of the Glencore Invoices. ⁴¹ This was a breach of the rules of natural justice and prevented the plaintiff from presenting its case.

(c) The Arbitrator had not given the plaintiff a chance to be heard or an opportunity to present its case on the existence of a fiduciary relationship between the parties, before finding that the plaintiff had acted as the defendant’s agent in the sale of the Iron Ore Fines to third parties. This was also an issue beyond the scope of the Arbitration. ⁴²

(d) The Arbitrator failed to address the issues that the parties had submitted to arbitration, when the Arbitrator re-grouped the 17 issues in the “Agreed List of Issues” into seven headings in the Award. ⁴³

23 At the hearing before me on 4 February 2022, counsel for the plaintiff, Mr Kelvin Kek (who was not the plaintiff’s counsel in the Arbitration), appeared however to rely on a fifth ground for setting aside the Award, which was that s 8 of the SOGA had not been pleaded or relied on by either party in the Arbitration. Indeed, this argument did not even form the crux of Mr Kek’s oral submissions, and was instead only raised fleetingly in his oral reply submissions at the end of the hearing. ⁴⁴

24 Following the hearing on 4 February 2022, I directed the parties to address me on whether s 8 of the SOGA had been pleaded or otherwise raised by either party during the Arbitration. The parties tendered further submissions on this issue on 15 March 2022. On 12 April 2022, I further directed the parties to address me on the applicability of Art 34(4) of the Model Law to the present application, and whether it would be appropriate in the present case to remit the Award to the Arbitrator.

25 The plaintiff utilised this opportunity to forcefully argue that neither party had pleaded nor raised (a) the alleged ambiguity in the Price Adjustment Mechanism contained in the Addenda (the “Ambiguity Issue”) (see [21(e)] above); or (b) the applicability of s 8 of the SOGA to the Arbitration (the “SOGA Issue”) (see [21(e)] and [21(g)] above). ⁴⁵ The plaintiff highlighted that the parties’ positions in the Arbitration had not been that the Price Adjustment Mechanism was ambiguous, but rather that the final price of the Iron Ore Fines should be determined having regard to the Contracts and/or the Addenda. ⁴⁶ Any reference made to the SOGA during the Arbitration had been to provisions other than s 8, and in relation to issues unrelated to the final price of the Iron Ore Fines. ⁴⁷ Accordingly, the Arbitrator had deprived the parties of a reasonable opportunity to be heard on the Ambiguity Issue and the SOGA Issue, and this was a breach of the rules of natural justice. ⁴⁸

26 The plaintiff further submitted that it was not appropriate in the present case to remit the Award to the Arbitrator, and that the Award should instead be set aside in its entirety. The plaintiff contended that the court’s power to remit an arbitral award under Art 34(4) of the Model Law can only be exercised at the request of a party. The defendant, having failed to make a request to remit the Award in its affidavits, written submissions or at the hearing on 4 February 2022, should therefore not be allowed to avail of this power. ⁴⁹ The present case was also not suited to remission as, similar to the facts of BZW and another v BZV [2022] 1 SLR 1080 (“BZW”), the Arbitrator’s breaches of natural justice were “fundamental and woven deeply” into the Award. There were also concerns that the Arbitrator would not be able to approach the remitted issues in a fair and balanced way. ⁵⁰

27 The defendant acknowledged in its further submissions that s 8 of the SOGA had not been expressly pleaded or otherwise referred to by parties during the Arbitration. ⁵¹ Nonetheless, the defendant contended that the “substance” of the provision had been pleaded and submitted on by parties. For ease of reference, s 8 of the SOGA provides as follows:

28 The defendant submitted that its pleaded claim had effectively been based on s 8(1) of the SOGA, as its position in the Arbitration had been that the price of the Iron Ore Fines had been “fixed by the [Contracts]”. ⁵² Likewise, the plaintiff’s reliance on the Price Adjustment Mechanism was essentially an argument that the price had been “left to be fixed in a manner agreed by the [Contracts]”, within the meaning of s 8(1) of the SOGA. ⁵³ Accordingly, when the Arbitrator rejected both parties’ arguments and instead turned to apply s 8(2) of the SOGA, the Arbitrator’s chain of reasoning arose naturally from the parties’ pleaded cases. ⁵⁴ In any case, the plaintiff had not raised any complaints in relation to the SOGA Issue in any of its affidavits or its written submissions filed prior to the hearing on 4 February 2022. Curial intervention was therefore not warranted. ⁵⁵

29 In the alternative, if the court held the view that there were grounds for setting aside the Award, the defendant requested that the Award be remitted to the Arbitrator in exercise of the court’s powers under Art 34(4) of the Model Law. ⁵⁶ The defendant contended that none of the concerns that arose in BZW, which militated against the remission of the award to the arbitral tribunal in that case, were present in this case. ⁵⁷ If the Award were remitted, the Arbitrator would be confined to re-considering her decision on the appropriate final price of the Iron Ore Fines, and nothing more. ⁵⁸

30 Based on the arguments advanced by the parties as summarised above, I considered that the following issues arose for my determination:

31 As noted above at [23], the Ambiguity Issue and the SOGA Issue were not front and centre of the plaintiff’s challenge to the Award. Instead, these issues only came to the fore in the parties’ further submissions following the hearing on 4 February 2022. In the circumstances, while neither party submitted extensively on this point, I found it apposite to first consider if the plaintiff was precluded from relying on these grounds of challenge by reason of the fact that they had not been sufficiently canvassed in the supporting affidavit filed with OS 1115.

32 Order 69A r 2(1)(d) of the Rules of Court (2014 Rev Ed) (“ROC”) provides that an application to set aside an arbitral award under s 24 of the IAA or Art 34(2) of the Model Law must be made by originating summons. Further, per O 69A r 2(4A) of the ROC, the affidavit in support must, inter alia, “state the grounds in support of the application” and “be served with the originating summons”. In my view, it was clear from a plain reading of these provisions that an affidavit filed in support of a setting aside application must reasonably contain all the grounds relied upon for the application. To the extent necessary to expound on this point, I refer to my observations in BTN and another v BTP and another and other matters [2021] SGHC 271 at [62]–[63], which I reproduce below:

33 A plaintiff in a setting aside application therefore cannot hope to steal a march on his opponent by omitting or obfuscating the grounds of challenge in an affidavit filed in support of the application, only to raise those grounds later in his submissions. Nonetheless, there will be cases falling on the borderline. It appeared to me that CNQ v CNR [2021] SGHC 287 (“CNQ”) was such a case. In CNQ, the parties had entered into a contract for the sale and purchase of optical fiber preforms. In the arbitration proceedings, the buyer was found to have breached the contract by its non-acceptance of the goods, and had been ordered to pay damages to the seller under s 50(3) of the Sale of Goods Act (Cap 383, 1999 Rev Ed) (the “SOGA (SG)”). The buyer sought to set aside the award, on the basis that it had been unable to present its case and that the tribunal had acted in breach of the rules of natural justice. At the oral hearing of the setting aside application, the buyer alleged for the first time that the reason why it had been unable to present its case was that the tribunal had unilaterally decided to award damages under s 50(3) of the SOGA (SG). The seller’s position throughout the arbitration had been that s 50(2), and not s 50(3) of the SOGA (SG), was the applicable provision (the “SOGA (SG) Issue”) (at [2]). In connection with the SOGA (SG) Issue, the buyer also contended that the tribunal had exceeded its jurisdiction by awarding damages under s 50(3) of the SOGA (SG), contrary to Art 34(2)(a)(iii) of the Model Law (“the excess of jurisdiction ground”). This was not a ground of challenge that had been raised in the buyer’s originating summons, affidavits or written submissions (at [4]).

34 Andre Maniam J noted that there was therefore “some element of surprise to the Seller”, caused by the introduction of the SOGA (SG) Issue and the excess of jurisdiction ground at the oral hearing (at [103]). Nonetheless, the learned Judge observed that these grounds of challenge were “based on evidence already before the court” (at [101]). While the distinction between ss 50(2) and 50(3) of the SOGA (SG) had not featured prominently until the oral hearing, the buyer had complained that the tribunal had not considered its contentions in relation to certain issues pertinent to s 50(3) of the SOGA (SG) (such as “market price”, “available market”, and “hypothetical market price”): at [102]. Moreover, the buyer’s allegation that the tribunal had denied it a right to be heard on the SOGA (SG) Issue rested on the same factual matrix as the excess of jurisdiction ground (at [101]). Following the oral hearing of the setting aside application, the seller was also granted leave to make further arguments in correspondence, and the buyer was allowed to reply (at [103]). In the circumstances, Maniam J decided to deal with the merits of the SOGA (SG) Issue and the excess of jurisdiction ground, although the Judge forewarned that other cases “may well merit stricter treatment in this regard” (at [104]).

35 With this in mind, I turned to consider the facts of the present case. The plaintiff filed one affidavit with its originating summons, namely that of Mr Agrawal (“Mr Agrawal’s affidavit”). Mr Agrawal’s affidavit did not expressly frame the Ambiguity Issue or the SOGA Issue as breaches of natural justice, warranting the setting aside of the Award. Nonetheless, Mr Agrawal did complain that the Tribunal had found the Price Adjustment Mechanism to be ambiguous despite the defendant having not taken this position: ⁵⁹

36  In my judgment, the above passage brought the plaintiff just over the line. Similar to the facts of CNQ, it was evident in the present case that the SOGA Issue and the Ambiguity Issue had not featured prominently in the plaintiff’s case, up until the filing of the parties’ further submissions following the hearing on 4 February 2022. Nonetheless, the substance of the plaintiff’s grievances had, to some extent, been canvassed in Mr Agrawal’s affidavit. This could be seen from para 63(2) of Mr Agrawal’s affidavit, where he complained that the defendant had not contended in the Arbitration that (a) the Addenda suffered from any ambiguity; or (b) that “any legal consequences” followed from the ambiguity in the Addenda. In my view, this encapsulated the essence of the plaintiff’s grounds of challenge in relation to the Ambiguity Issue and the SOGA Issue, which were that (a) the Tribunal had found the Addenda to be ambiguous, despite neither party taking this position; and (b) the Tribunal had found that the “legal consequence” of the ambiguity in the Addenda was that the plaintiff was obliged to pay the defendant a reasonable price under s 8(2) of the SOGA, without giving the parties an opportunity to be heard on the same.

37 Moreover, even if there had been “some element of surprise” occasioned to the defendant in the present application, I found that the defendant had been given sufficient opportunity to respond to the Ambiguity Issue and the SOGA Issue in the two rounds of further submissions filed pursuant to my directions. In this regard, I also noted that there was no allegation by the defendant that it had been deprived of the opportunity to file the requisite affidavit evidence, or to otherwise resist the setting aside application, by reason of the plaintiff’s belated arguments on the Ambiguity Issue and the SOGA Issue.

38 I therefore found that it was not appropriate in the present case to exclude the Ambiguity Issue and the SOGA Issue from my consideration, as possible grounds for setting aside the Award. Even if these grounds of challenge had not been at the forefront of the plaintiff’s submissions, they had been canvassed in substance in Mr Agrawal’s affidavit. In any event, limited prejudice, if at all, had been occasioned to the defendant. Nonetheless, and as I have mentioned above, I stress that the present case fell on the borderline. It would be ill-advised for a similarly placed applicant to be, whether inadvertently or worse, deliberately, anything short of transparent and unequivocal in setting out its grounds of challenge in the affidavit(s) filed in support of a setting aside application.

39 Having answered Issue 1 in the negative, I turned to consider whether the Ambiguity Issue or the SOGA Issue provided a possible basis for setting aside the Award. In my judgment, the mere fact that the Arbitrator referred to  8(1) of the SOGA and concluded that the Price Adjustment Mechanism was ambiguous did not, in itself, amount to a breach of the rules of natural justice that prejudiced the rights of the parties. However, as I stated at the beginning of these grounds of decision, the breach of natural justice in this case lay in the Arbitrator’s failure to allow the parties a reasonable opportunity to be heard, in adopting a chain of reasoning based on s 8(2) of the SOGA. Let me elaborate on why I came to this conclusion.

40 I begin by setting out the relevant paragraphs of the Award: ⁶⁰

41 As noted above at [25], the plaintiff contended that the Arbitrator had deprived the parties of their right to be heard, by relying on s 8 of the SOGA in the Award when no submissions had been made on the same. I was not completely persuaded by this submission. As noted by the Court of Appeal in BZW, a breach of the fair hearing rule occurs if the tribunal adopts a chain of reasoning that (a) the parties did not have reasonable notice it would adopt; or (b) does not have sufficient nexus to the parties’ arguments. A party has reasonable notice of a particular chain of reasoning if (a) it arose from the parties’ pleadings; (b) it arose by reasonable implication from their pleadings; (c) it is unpleaded but arose in some other way in the arbitration and was reasonably brought to the party’s actual notice; or (d) it flows reasonably from the arguments actually advanced by either party or is related to those arguments: BZW at [60(b)], citing JVL Agro Industries Ltd v Agritrade International Pte Ltd [2016] 4 SLR 768 (“JVL Agro Industries”) at [150], [152], [154] and [156].

42 In addition, in order for there to be grounds for setting aside an arbitral award under s 24(b) of the IAA, the applicant must establish that the breach of the fair hearing rule was connected to the making of the award, and that the breach caused it prejudice. This requires the applicant to demonstrate that as a result of the breach, “the arbitrator was denied the benefit of arguments or evidence that had a real as opposed to a fanciful chance of making a difference to his deliberations”; or put another way, that “the material could reasonably have made a difference to the arbitrator”: JVL Agro Industries at [194], citing L W Infrastructure Pte Ltd v Lim Chin San Contractors Pte Ltd [2013] 1 SLR 125 at [54].

43 In the present case, it was evident that the question of the final price of the Iron Ore Fines fixed under the Contracts was an issue that arose out of the parties’ pleadings. As noted at [17]–[18] above, the parties had asserted contrary positions on this issue. In any event, the appropriate final price of the Iron Ore Fines had also been expressly listed in the parties’ Agreed List of Issues, which was submitted to the Arbitrator prior to the hearing. Specifically, the Agreed List of Issues stated as follows: ⁶¹

44 The parties were also clearly aware that English law and the SOGA were the applicable laws in the Arbitration, the parties themselves having referred to provisions within the SOGA in their submissions in the Arbitration (albeit to provisions other than s 8; see [25] above). Moreover, I agreed with the defendant’s submission that the parties’ pleaded cases had effectively corresponded with the first two limbs of s 8(1) of the SOGA – the defendant had taken the position that the price of the Iron Ore Fines had been “fixed by the [Contracts]”, whereas the plaintiff’s case was that the final price had been “left to be fixed in a manner agreed by the [Contracts, as amended by the Addenda]” (ie, the Price Adjustment Mechanism).

45 Accordingly, I found that by simply making reference to the first two limbs of s 8(1) of the SOGA, the Arbitrator could not be said to have adopted a chain of reasoning that the parties did not have reasonable notice of, or which had an insufficient nexus to the parties’ arguments. Given that the parties’ cases had corresponded to the first two limbs of s 8(1) of the SOGA, the Arbitrator’s reference to these provisions could be said to arise directly out of the parties’ pleadings, or at the very least, by reasonable implication from their pleadings. There was therefore no breach of the rules of natural justice in this regard.

46 Alternatively, even if the parties did not have reasonable notice of the Arbitrator’s reliance on the first two limbs of s 8(1) of the SOGA, no prejudice had been occasioned to the parties for similar reasons. The parties had, in substance, presented their cases on the first two limbs of s 8(1) of the SOGA, even if they may not have expressly referred to the provision. It therefore could not be said that the Arbitrator had been denied the benefit of arguments or evidence that had a real chance of making a difference to her deliberations. Accordingly, I found that the Arbitrator’s reference to the first two limbs of s 8(1) of the SOGA did not warrant setting aside the Award under s 24(b) of the IAA.

47 Similarly, in my view, the fact that the Arbitrator rejected both parties’ cases under s 8(1) of the SOGA did not in itself present a ground for setting aside the Award under s 24(b) of the IAA. In this regard, I disagreed with the plaintiff’s argument that the parties had been deprived of a reasonable opportunity to be heard, solely because the Arbitrator had concluded that the Price Adjustment Mechanism set out in the Addenda was “vague and ambiguous”. To begin with, it might be argued that it was at least implicit in the defendant’s pleaded position that the Price Adjustment Mechanism had become unworkable by the time of the Arbitration, such that it could not be relied upon to calculate the final price of the Iron Ore Fines. As noted above at [17], the defendant pleaded in its Statement of Claim that as the plaintiff had failed to intimate it of the prices at which the Iron Ore Fines were actually sold, the plaintiff should be “presumed” to have utilised the Iron Ore Fines for its own gains, such that the defendant was entitled to the original price under the Contracts. Similarly, the defendant contended as follows in its written opening submissions in the Arbitration: ⁶²

48 In my view, it was implicit in the defendant’s pleaded position that the Addenda had become unworkable because of the plaintiff’s failure to inform the defendant of the prices at which the Iron Ore Fines had been sold. This was the reason why the defendant asserted that the parties had to “revert” to the original price under the Contracts. Indeed, during oral closing submissions at the hearing of the Arbitration, it was argued by the defendant that the Addenda had “almost become impossible to understand” for this very reason: ⁶³

49 In my judgment, it could not therefore be said that the Arbitrator’s finding that the Price Adjustment Mechanism was ambiguous was a complete or surprising departure from the arguments actually advanced by the parties, although I note that the defendant only made clear its position that the Addenda had become “impossible to apply” somewhat late in the day (ie, during oral closing submissions).

50 In any event, I found that it was open to the Arbitrator to conclude that the Addenda was “vague and ambiguous” even if neither party had taken that position. In so far as the nub of the plaintiff’s complaint pertained to the Arbitrator’s departure from the methods proposed by the parties for determining the final price of the Iron Ore Fines, I disagreed that the Arbitrator was obliged to choose either the plaintiff’s calculations, or the method proposed by the defendant, and nothing else. As observed by the Court of Appeal in Soh Beng Tee & Co Pte Ltd v Fairmount Development Pte Ltd [2007] 3 SLR(R) 86 at [65(e)], an arbitrator is “perfectly entitled to embrace a middle path (even without apprising the parties of his provisional thinking or analysis) so long as it is based on evidence that is before him”. This principle is illustrated by the decision in TMM Division Maritima SA de CV v Pacific Richfield Marine Pte Ltd [2013] 4 SLR 972 (“TMM Division”). In that case, one of the issues before the arbitrator was whether a particular contractual clause was a condition precedent or an innominate term. The arbitrator found that the contractual clause was neither a condition precedent nor an innominate term, but instead a collateral warranty. Chan Seng Onn J (as he then was) found that this did not breach the fair hearing rule. This was because the arbitrator’s conclusion was a “reasonable follow-through” from his finding that the clause was not a condition (at [70]).

51 In the present case, the Arbitrator was thus not limited to the binary positions taken by the parties. In my view, she was entitled to reject both the plaintiff’s and the defendant’s calculations. It was also open to her to conclude, on the evidence before her, that the Addenda was ultimately ambiguous even if neither party had made this specific argument. In my judgment, to hold otherwise would be to unduly straitjacket the latitude given to the Arbitrator.

52 Having rejected both parties’ cases under the first two limbs of s 8(1) of the SOGA, and having found that the Price Adjustment Mechanism was in fact “vague and ambiguous”, the next step in the Arbitrator’s reasoning was to consider the third limb of s 8(1) of the SOGA (ie, that the price in a contract of sale may also be “determined by the course of dealing between the parties”). It appears that the Arbitrator concluded that this limb of s 8(1) of the SOGA was also inapplicable to the present case, given her observation that “[t]his was the first time the [p]arties had done business together”. ⁶⁴ While the plaintiff did not specifically take issue with this aspect of the Arbitrator’s reasoning in its submissions before me, I found for completeness that the Arbitrator’s reliance on this limb of s 8(1) of the SOGA did not cause any relevant prejudice to the parties that would warrant a setting aside of the Award. During the hearing of the Arbitration, both parties expressly took the position that the Contracts had been the first time that the parties had done business with each other; in other words, there had been no prior dealings between the parties. In particular, in response to questions from the Arbitrator on the existence of a prior relationship between the parties, the defendant’s counsel stated as follows: ⁶⁵

53 For the avoidance of doubt, I note that the Contracts were dated 2 February 2017 but were executed on 9 and 13 February 2017 (see [6] above). ⁶⁶ The plaintiff’s counsel in the Arbitration also confirmed in his opening address and closing submissions that the Contracts were the first time the parties had done business with each other:

54 In the circumstances, I found that the Arbitrator had not been deprived of any material that could reasonably have made a difference to her conclusion that the third limb of s 8(1) of the SOGA did not apply. Even if the Arbitrator had expressly invited parties to tender further submissions or evidence on the third limb of s 8(1) of the SOGA, I did not see how the parties could have adduced any material that had a real chance of making a difference to the Arbitrator’s deliberations, without undermining and making an about-turn from the factual positions they expressly took in the Arbitration on the absence of any prior course of dealing between them. In any event, as I have noted above, no submission was made to the contrary by either party before me. As such, regardless of whether the Arbitrator could be said to have breached the fair hearing rule by referring to the third limb of s 8(1) of the SOGA, I found that no relevant prejudice had arisen. This was therefore not a ground for setting aside the Award under s 24(b) of the IAA.

55 However, when the Arbitrator went on to apply s 8(2) of the SOGA, I agreed with the plaintiff that the parties were deprived of a reasonable opportunity to be heard. Counsel for the defendant in OS 1115 (who was not the defendant’s counsel in the Arbitration), Mr Mohammad Haireez, fairly conceded in his further submissions that s 8 of the SOGA was not expressly pleaded or otherwise referred to by the parties during the course of the Arbitration. ⁶⁹ While the Arbitrator’s reliance on s 8(1) of the SOGA could nonetheless be said to align with and arise out of the parties’ pleadings, or at least to have caused no relevant prejudice to the parties (as I have explained above at [43]–[54]), the concept of a “reasonable price” under s 8(2) of the SOGA was neither raised nor submitted on by the parties. Although both parties had proposed various alternative methods for calculating the final price of the Iron Ore Fines during the Arbitration, there was no evidence that the parties had contended that these calculations were “reasonable” prices for the Iron Ore Fines, independent of what the parties had agreed to under the Contracts and/or the Addenda. On the contrary, the parties’ positions throughout the Arbitration were that the final price of the Iron Ore Fines had been fixed in some way by the Contracts and/or the Addenda. I elaborate further below.

56 I begin with the defendant’s case. As is clear from the summary at [47]–[48] above, the defendant’s pleaded case in the Arbitration was that the parties should “revert” to the original price for the Iron Ore Fines agreed upon by the parties under the Contracts. For completeness, I noted that notwithstanding the defendant’s pleaded position, the defendant’s counsel in the Arbitration put forth a set of alternative calculations during his opening address, which was based on the prevailing price of iron ore fines on 2 February 2017 (ie, the date of the Contracts) according to the Mysteel price index. ⁷⁰ It became clear from the defendant’s oral closing submissions that these alternative calculations were only relevant if the Arbitrator found that the Addenda had effectively modified the price fixed by the parties under the Contracts. The relevant exchange between the defendant’s counsel and the Arbitrator was as follows: ⁷¹

57 Based on the exchange reproduced above, it appeared to me that by the conclusion of the hearing of the Arbitration, the defendant’s case was as follows: the defendant should either be awarded (a) the sum of US$677,147 being the price fixed by the parties under the Contracts, which had not been overridden by the Addenda; or (b) a sum based on the prevailing price of iron ore fines on 2 February 2017, being the price the parties had agreed upon under the Contracts as modified by the Addenda. Crucially for present purposes, there was no submission by the defendant that either of those sums should be awarded because they would constitute a reasonable price for the Iron Ore Fines, in the absence of any price being fixed for the Iron Ore Fines under the Contracts. I therefore found that it could not be said that the concept of a “reasonable price” formed part of the defendant’s case or flowed from any arguments actually advanced by it. In any event, as I have noted at [28] above, it was the defendant’s submission before me that its case in the Arbitration had corresponded to s 8(1) of the SOGA; there was no suggestion by the defendant that its case in the Arbitration had in fact corresponded to both s 8(1) and 8(2) of the SOGA.

58 Turning to the case advanced by the plaintiff in the Arbitration, the plaintiff’s position was that the final price of the Iron Ore Fines should be calculated based on the Price Adjustment Mechanism, because that had been what the parties had agreed to under the Addenda. In my judgment, this was clear from the plaintiff’s pleadings and submissions in the Arbitration. For instance, in its Statement of Defence and Counterclaim, the plaintiff alleged that based on the “specific contractual agreements among the parties”, the plaintiff had in fact overpaid the defendant for the Iron Ore Fines and was therefore entitled to make a counterclaim for the overpayment. ⁷² Likewise, the plaintiff stated as follows in its written opening submissions in the Arbitration: ⁷³

59 Accordingly, although the plaintiff had pleaded in its Statement of Defence and Counterclaim that it would be “eminently reasonable” ⁷⁴ to include a profit margin of US$2 in its calculations of the final price of the Iron Ore Fines (even though this was not expressly provided for in the Price Adjustment Mechanism, as conceded by the plaintiff’s counsel in his opening address in the Arbitration ⁷⁵ ), I did not read this to mean that the plaintiff was proposing a “reasonable price” within the meaning of s 8(2) of the SOGA. As I have explained above, it was clear from the plaintiff’s pleadings and submissions that the crux of its case was that the final price of the Iron Ore Fines should be determined by the parties’ agreement, ie, the Price Adjustment Mechanism set out in the Addenda. The concept of a “reasonable price” formed no part of its case.

60 In the circumstances, had the Arbitrator intended to adopt a chain of reasoning based on s 8(2) of the SOGA, she was, in my judgment, obliged to ensure that the parties had been put on notice that they were expected to address that chain of reasoning: JVL Agro Industries at [159]. This, however, was not done. As noted at [21(g)] above, the Arbitrator concluded in the Award that a “reasonable price” would be the original price of the Iron Ore Fines, with downward revisions pursuant to the Adjustment Clause to take into account the cargo defects. It appears that the basis for her conclusion may have been limited to the following exchange with the plaintiff’s counsel during oral closing submissions: ⁷⁶

61 In my judgment, there was nothing in the above exchange that indicated to either party that the Arbitrator would rely on s 8(2) of the SOGA in her reasoning. While the defendant had referred the Arbitrator to the Adjustment Clause in the Contracts, this was entirely consistent with its pleaded position that the final price of the Iron Ore Fines should be determined by the price agreed upon by the parties under the Contracts (albeit with the added caveat that the price should be revised to take into account the cargo defects). At the risk of repetition, there was nothing in the defendant’s submissions or the Arbitrator’s responses to indicate that the Arbitrator would ultimately decide the case based on what constituted a “reasonable price” for the Iron Ore Fines. It was also plain from the transcript of the hearing of the Arbitration that the Arbitrator did not invite the parties to address her on what would constitute a “reasonable price” for the Iron Ore Fines. I therefore found that the Arbitrator did not give notice to the parties that she would rely on a chain of reasoning based on s 8(2) of the SOGA in the Award.

62 The defendant contended in its further submissions that there was no breach of the rules of natural justice, as the Arbitrator’s reference to s 8(2) of the SOGA arose naturally out of her conclusion that the price of the Iron Ore Fines had not been fixed within the meaning of s 8(1) of the SOGA (see [28] above). The defendant argued that the Arbitrator’s reliance on s 8(2) of the SOGA could be characterised as a “reasonable follow-through” from the issue before her (applying TMM Division at [70]). ⁷⁷ In my view, the defendant might well have been correct to observe that the Arbitrator’s recourse to s 8(2) of the SOGA was premised on her conclusion that s 8(1) did not apply to the present facts, given that s 8(2) of the SOGA expressly states that “[w]here the price is not determined as mentioned in sub-section (1) above the buyer must pay a reasonable price” [emphasis added]. Yet, in my judgment, the fact that there was a logical link between the Arbitrator’s reliance on s 8(2) of the SOGA, and her rejection of the parties’ cases under s 8(1) of the SOGA, did not necessarily mean that the parties had reasonable notice that the Arbitrator would adopt a chain of reasoning based on s 8(2) of the SOGA. As I have explained above, the fact remained that the concept of a “reasonable price” was not part of either party’s case, and the Arbitrator did not provide any intimation that she would be relying on the same in the event she was not persuaded that s 8(1) of the SOGA did apply. It therefore could not be said that the parties had reasonable notice that the Arbitrator would ultimately adopt a chain of reasoning based on s 8(2) of the SOGA.

63 Moreover, while the decision in TMM Division may have provided some assistance to the defendant in relation to the Ambiguity Issue (see [50] above), I found that it could be distinguished from the present case in so far as the Arbitrator’s reasoning in relation to s 8(2) of the SOGA was concerned. In this regard, I was cognizant that the extent to which a tribunal must afford a party an opportunity to be heard depends on the nature of the issue involved: Phoenixfin Pte Ltd and others v Convexity Ltd [2022] 2 SLR 23 (“Phoenixfin”) at [52]. In TMM Division, the issue before the tribunal was essentially one of contractual interpretation – as noted at [50] above, the parties had taken the position that the clause in question was either a condition or an innominate term. Accordingly, it was open to the tribunal, on the evidence before it, to take the middle path of concluding that the clause was neither a condition nor an innominate term, but instead a collateral warranty. A similar case in this regard is CJA v CIZ [2022] SGCA 41 (“CJA”). In CJA, the Court of Appeal observed that the issue before the tribunal had been a legal question of contractual interpretation. The parties had submitted on this issue before the tribunal and had sufficient opportunity to canvass evidence on, amongst other things, the contextual dimension and commercial purpose of the contract. Accordingly, even though the tribunal ultimately adopted an interpretation of the contract that neither party had expressly pleaded, there was no breach of the fair hearing rule (at [77]).

64 By contrast, the issue of what constitutes a “reasonable price” is not a purely legal question, but instead “a question of fact dependent on the circumstances of each particular case”, per s 8(3) of the SOGA. As the Court of Appeal observed in Phoenixfin at [52], where the issue before the tribunal is a factual one or a mixed fact and law question, then “apart from submitting on the law, a party needs to be able to question the evidence produced in support of the issue as well as have the chance to itself introduce relevant rebuttal evidence”. Moreover, the cases of TMM Division and CJA concerned instances where the arbitral tribunal had arrived at a different conclusion from the parties, based on the evidence that was already before it. On the contrary, it was reasonable in the present case that the parties would have sought to adduce evidence that differed from the evidence already before the Arbitrator, had they been asked to present their cases on s 8(2) of the SOGA. As is clear from the wording of the provisions, the inquiries under ss 8(1) and 8(2) of the SOGA are conceptually distinct – s 8(1) focuses on whether any price has been fixed by the contract of sale or a course of dealing between the parties, whereas s 8(2) focuses on what a “reasonable price” for the goods would be, in the absence of any price being fixed as such. Given that the parties had advanced cases in the Arbitration that corresponded only with s 8(1) of the SOGA, they may well have desired to introduce new evidence or submissions on the question of what would constitute a “reasonable price” for the Iron Ore Fines under s 8(2) of the SOGA. For the reasons I have detailed above, it was evident that the parties had not been given an opportunity to do so.

65 I therefore disagreed with the defendant that the Arbitrator’s reliance on s 8(2) of the SOGA could be characterised as a “reasonable follow-through” from the arguments advanced by the parties, such that it was open to her to adopt such a chain of reasoning without apprising the parties of her intention to do so.

66 In the circumstances, I was persuaded that the fair hearing rule was breached in this instance when the Arbitrator adopted a chain of reasoning in relation to s 8(2) of the SOGA, without inviting further evidence and/or submissions on the same. This was, in my judgment, a breach of the rules of natural justice that was causally connected to the making of the Award, since the Arbitrator’s reliance on s 8(2) of the SOGA determined the final price of the Iron Ore Fines payable by the plaintiff. Moreover, it was plain to me that the Arbitrator’s failure to afford the parties a reasonable opportunity to be heard denied her the benefit of arguments or evidence that could reasonably have made a difference to her decision (JVL Agro Industries at [194]). There was therefore prejudice ensuing from this failure of process. As I have stated above, it was not inconceivable that had the parties been made aware that the Arbitrator was considering the application of s 8(2) of the SOGA and a chain of reasoning based on that provision, the parties would have sought to present their respective cases on this question of fact, whether in terms of evidence, submissions, or both. Indeed, the plaintiff complains in its further submissions that the parties were not able to “tender any factual evidence or submissions on fact or law” as a result of the Arbitrator’s failure to afford the parties an opportunity to be heard. ⁷⁸ In my view, such further evidence and/or submissions could have reasonably made a difference to the Arbitrator’s decision on the final price of the Iron Ore Fines. At the very least, no reason was suggested to me as to why this would not be the case.

67 In these circumstances, I was satisfied that there existed grounds for setting aside the Award under s 24(b) of the IAA. However, rather than setting aside the entire Award, and given the defendant’s alternative position raised in its further submissions requesting the court to remit the Award to the Tribunal if appropriate to do so, I turned to consider whether remission would be appropriate in this case.

68 The court’s power to remit an arbitral award to the tribunal is found in Art 34(4) of the Model Law, which provides as follows:

I found that it was appropriate in the present case to remit the Award for the Arbitrator to consider whether to receive further evidence and/or submissions (as the Arbitrator deems appropriate) on the issue of what would constitute a “reasonable price” for the Iron Ore Fines under s 8(2) read with s 8(3) of the SOGA. I detail my reasons below.

69 First, I disagreed with the plaintiff’s submission that the defendant’s failure to request for remission of the Award at the time of the hearing before me on 4 February 2022 necessarily meant that it was not possible or appropriate to remit the Award (see [26] above). To begin with, Art 34(4) of the Model Law imposes no such time limit on when a request for remission must be made. On a plain reading of the provision, Art 34(4) provides that a court, when asked to set aside an award, may remit the award to the tribunal “where appropriate and so requested by a party”. Given that the defendant had made a request in its further submissions for the court to consider remitting the Award, I did not see why the power under Art 34(4) of the Model Law should be unavailable in the present case. To construe Art 34(4) as requiring any request for remission to be raised by a certain point in the setting aside proceedings would, in my view, place a strain on the plain meaning of the provision, and I rejected such an interpretation.

70 In any case, it was clear to me that at the hearing on 4 February 2022, the focus of the parties’ submissions had not been on the issue of remission, or s 8 of the SOGA. As I have noted at [23] above, the SOGA Issue was raised, literally in one sentence, by Mr Kek in his oral submissions in reply at the end of that hearing. Moreover, it was only in the parties’ further submissions, which had been occasioned by Mr Kek’s fleeting remark, that the question of remission came to the fore. In the circumstances, I found there to be no merit to the argument that remission of the Award should be refused simply because the defendant had not requested for it earlier.

71 Next, I disagreed with the plaintiff’s contention that the Arbitrator’s breaches of natural justice were inextricably intertwined with the Award, or that the Arbitrator would not be able to approach the remitted issues in a balanced and open-minded manner, such that remission of the Award would be inappropriate. In this regard, both parties referred me to the case of BZW in their further submissions. BZW concerned an appeal against the decision of Vinodh Coomaraswamy J in BZV v BZW and another [2022] 3 SLR 447 (“BZW (HC)”). In BZW (HC), Coomaraswamy J found that the arbitral tribunal had acted in breach of the rules of natural justice, but declined to remit the award for two reasons:

(a) First, the tribunal’s breaches of natural justice were “fundamental and woven deeply into the analytical exercise” that the tribunal had undertaken. The tribunal had fundamentally misapprehended the parties’ arguments. Eliminating any grounds for setting aside would require the tribunal to undertake its entire analytical task de novo, which would go beyond the purpose of remission (at [222]).

(b) The tribunal had acknowledged in the addendum to the award that it had committed a manifest factual error but sought to deny the effect of the error on its reasoning. This did not inspire confidence that remission would afford the applicant a genuine opportunity to persuade the tribunal to arrive at a different result (at [224]).

72 The decision of Coomaraswamy J was affirmed by the Court of Appeal in BZW. In doing so, the Court of Appeal made the following observations regarding Art 34(4) of the Model Law:

(a) The drafters of Art 34(4) intended that in determining whether to remit an award, the court should consider whether (i) the tribunal’s error is remediable; and (ii) whether, by its error, the tribunal’s mandate no longer continues (at [65]).

(b) The principle of limited curial intervention militates against the exercise of the Art 34(4) power rather than in favour of it (at [66(b)]).

(c) In deciding whether to remit an award, the court should consider whether the breach is in respect of a single isolated or standalone point (at [66(c)]).

(d) The court should also take into account whether the arbitrators are unfit to continue the hearing. If the court is of such a view, the correct approach is the setting aside of the award and the appointment of a fresh tribunal (at [66(d)]).

(e) Finally, it has been observed in the UK that the court should consider whether (i) there is a real risk, judged objectively, that even a competent and respectable arbitral tribunal may sub‑consciously be tempted to achieve the same result as before; and (ii) that a reasonable person would no longer have confidence in the tribunal’s ability to come to a fair and balanced conclusion on the issues remitted (at [67]).

73 On the facts of BZW, the Court of Appeal observed that the breach of natural justice did not involve a standalone issue, but instead concerned the tribunal’s complete failure to appreciate the correct questions it had to pose to itself (at [68]). A reasonable person would no longer have confidence in the tribunal’s ability to come to a fair and balanced conclusion on the issues remitted, given the tribunal’s denial of the effect of its factual error (see [71(b)] above) (at [69]). There were also no time and cost savings that would arise from remitting the award, given that a substantial amount of time had elapsed since the hearing of the evidence and submissions (at [70]). Remission was therefore inappropriate in that case.

74 I agreed with the defendant that the present case could be distinguished from BZW on several counts.

75 First, I considered that the Arbitrator’s breach of natural justice involved a sufficiently discrete and standalone factual issue – namely, what would constitute a “reasonable price” within the meaning of s 8(2) of the SOGA. The plaintiff claimed that the Arbitrator’s reliance on s 8(2) of the SOGA was not an isolated issue, as it was tied to her findings on the Glencore Issue and the Ambiguity Issue. ⁷⁹ In my view, this was incorrect. In the Award, the Arbitrator made clear that she ultimately regarded the precise role of Glencore to be irrelevant, given her finding that the plaintiff had breached its fiduciary duties to the defendant (see [21(h)] above). ⁸⁰ The Arbitrator’s findings on the Glencore Issue therefore cannot be said to have had any material bearing on her consideration of s 8(2) of the SOGA.

76 In so far as the Arbitrator’s reference to s 8(2) of the SOGA arose out of her conclusion that the Price Adjustment Mechanism was ambiguous (and that no price had been fixed under s 8(1) of the SOGA), I have explained above that I did not find that the Arbitrator acted in breach of natural justice when she reached her conclusion on the Ambiguity Issue or made reference to s 8(1) of the SOGA. I therefore did not see a need for the Arbitrator to re-open her findings of fact in relation to those issues, for the purposes of considering what would be a “reasonable price” under s 8(2) of the SOGA. In my judgment and as I have explained at [64] above, it was also clear from the wording of s 8 of the SOGA that the inquiries under ss 8(1) and 8(2) are entirely separate exercises. Accordingly, this was not a case where, to quote BZW (HC) at [222], the Arbitrator’s breaches were “fundamental and woven deeply into the analytical exercise” that she undertook.

77 Neither did I agree with the plaintiff that the available evidence demonstrated that the Arbitrator had entirely failed to apply her mind to the issues before her, or that in a similar vein, a reasonable person would no longer have confidence in her ability to come to a fair and balanced conclusion on the remitted issues. ⁸¹ In my view, the Arbitrator’s failure to afford the parties an opportunity to present their cases on s 8(2) of the SOGA was essentially a procedural misstep which occasioned a process failure. This was unlike BZW, where the tribunal had failed entirely to appreciate the correct questions it had to pose to itself – ie, it had completely misunderstood what the case and the issues were about. Unlike Sai Wan Shipping Ltd v Landmark Line Co, Ltd [2022] SGHC 8 (“Sai Wan Shipping”), this was also not a case where the failure to accord one side a reasonable opportunity to be heard was “the product of a haste quite out of keeping with the time accorded to the [other party] for its submissions”, such that a “lack of confidence in the arbitrator to decide the matter fairly if remitted [was] not without reasonable basis” (Sai Wan Shipping at [78]). In the present case, there was no suggestion that the Arbitrator had failed to accord the parties an opportunity to be heard on s 8(2) of the SOGA out of a desire for haste, or that the Arbitrator had acted partially by only affording one side such an opportunity. In the circumstances, the totality of the Arbitrator’s conduct did not, in my mind, raise questions as to her ability to decide any remitted issues fairly, objectively and even-handedly.

78 I was also unpersuaded by the plaintiff’s attempts to distinguish the present case from CKG v CKH [2021] 5 SLR 84 (“CKG”) on the basis that the arbitral tribunal in CKG consisted of three “distinguished members”, whereas the Tribunal in the present case consisted of a sole arbitrator. ⁸² While the learned Judge in CKG may have remarked that the “distinction of the Tribunal” formed part of the reason for his decision to remit the arbitral award (at [70]), I did not read the learned Judge’s comments to mean that the qualifications or eminence of the tribunal members should be an important or the determinative factor in deciding whether to remit an award back to the tribunal. In my view, the distinction of a tribunal is, at best, a consideration in determining whether to remit an award. Be that as it may, I was not given any reason to doubt the Arbitrator’s qualifications in the present case.

79 Finally, I disagreed with the plaintiff that there would be no time and cost savings from the remission of the Award. The Award was dated 5 August 2021, and I made the order to remit the Award on 27 May 2022. By way of comparison, the final award in BZW was dated 25 October 2018, and the decision of the Court of Appeal was issued on 12 January 2022. On the present facts, it could not be said that a substantial amount of time had passed since the making of the Award, such that the Arbitrator would necessarily have to spend considerable time, effort and costs reviewing the evidence afresh.

80 For completeness, there was no allegation that the Arbitrator had acted in excess of her jurisdiction in considering a chain of reasoning based on s 8(2) of the SOGA. In any event, it was plain that s 8 of the SOGA was generally within the scope of the disputes referred to the Arbitrator, given that the final price of the Iron Ore Fines was indubitably an issue in dispute (see [43] above). Accordingly, while it has been observed by the Court of Appeal that remission would be inappropriate if, in doing so, the tribunal would be asked to deal with an issue outside the scope of its jurisdiction (see CAJ and another v CAI and another appeal [2022] 1 SLR 505 at [70]), that concern did not, in my view, arise in the present case.

81 For the reasons set out above, I exercised my power under Art 34(4) of the Model Law, at the defendant’s request, to suspend the setting aside proceedings and remit the Award to the Arbitrator, for the Arbitrator to consider whether to receive further evidence and/or submissions (as the Arbitrator deems appropriate) on the issue of what would constitute a “reasonable price” for the Iron Ore Fines within the meaning of s 8(2) read with s 8(3) of the SOGA. I further ordered that the defendant’s solicitors were to (a) notify the Tribunal of my orders within seven days of the date of my orders; and (b) furnish the Tribunal with a certified copy of the Notes of Arguments containing my oral grounds of decision and the orders made therein, within ten days of the date of my orders.

82 Following from my decision to remit the Award, it was not necessary or appropriate for me to address or reach any decision on the rest of the plaintiff’s arguments for why the Award should be set aside (see [22] above), at least not at this juncture of the matter. I thus reserved my decision on the other grounds raised, pending the Arbitrator’s decision in relation to my remission order.

83 The costs of the application thus far were reserved and are to be dealt with when the matter comes back before me.