1 The accused person is one Ramendra Krishnan (“Ramendra”), a male Singaporean, who was 53 years of age at the time of his arrest on 28 March 2017. He was tried before me on the following charge under s 5(1)(a) read with s 5(2) of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap 185, 2008 Rev Ed) (the “MDA”):

2 At the time of his arrest, Ramendra was living with his girlfriend, one Sherryl Versoza Dela Cruz (“Sherryl”), at her flat in Ang Mo Kio. ¹ He was not working then, having lost his job as a taxi driver about six months prior to this time. ² He claimed that he was a habitual consumer of cannabis, smoking up to two to three “joints” daily. ³

3 In the late morning of 28 March 2017, Ramendra received a call from his cannabis supplier, whom he referred to as “Joe”, who informed him that he had some good “books” coming into Singapore. ⁴ It is not disputed that “books” referred to rectangular blocks of packaged vegetable matter containing cannabis, with each “book” having a gross weight of approximately 1kg in vegetable matter. ⁵ Ramendra told Joe that he would take one “book”. ⁶

4 On the instructions of Joe, Ramendra went to various locations in Tuas and Woodlands from 1pm to 4pm that day, to pick up the drugs from someone that Joe had sent. ⁷ This turned out to be a wasted effort: a series of unexpected complications meant that he did not manage to collect the drugs. ⁸ Ramendra then returned to Sherryl’s flat in Ang Mo Kio. ⁹

5 Shortly before 6 pm, Joe called Ramendra again and told him to pick up the “book” from a person who would be at the bus stop at Marsiling MRT station. ¹⁰ Ramendra took his backpack and left the flat. ¹¹ This time, Sherryl accompanied him, and the two of them took a taxi to Marsiling MRT station. ¹²

6 When they arrived at Marsiling MRT station, Ramendra approached a person matching the description given by Joe. ¹³ This was one Lavinder Shanmuganathan (“Lavinder”), who confirmed that he was the person sent by Joe. ¹⁴ The three of them then got into another taxi. ¹⁵

7 In the taxi, it turned out that Lavinder had not one, but five “books” for Ramendra. ¹⁶ These “books” were placed into Ramendra’s backpack. ¹⁷ On Ramendra’s instructions, the taxi driver dropped Lavinder off at Woodlands Avenue 3. ¹⁸ Ramendra then directed the taxi driver to drive towards the Seletar area. ¹⁹

8 By this time, the taxi was being followed by CNB officers in their vehicles. ²⁰ Ramendra and Sherryl both became aware of this. ²¹ At Upper Neram Road in Seletar Hills Estate, Ramendra asked the taxi driver to stop. ²² He quickly alighted from the taxi with his backpack and started running along a pathway adjacent to a canal. ²³ The CNB officers who were following Ramendra then pursued him on foot. ²⁴ When the CNB officers were closing in on him, Ramendra threw the backpack into the canal. ²⁵ The CNB officers then arrested Ramendra and retrieved the backpack from the canal; the officers conducted a search of the backpack in Ramendra’s presence, and it was found to contain the five “books”. ²⁶

9 The five “books” were subsequently given exhibit labels and analysed. In total, they were found to contain not less than 3,105g of cannabis, with the following breakdown: ²⁷

10 These five “books” of cannabis, containing not less than 3,105g of cannabis, were the subject of the charge on which Ramendra was tried before the court.

11 As already mentioned, the trial before me proceeded on the basis of the charge referred to in [1]. The Prosecution led evidence from a total of 45 witnesses, including Sherryl and Lavinder. The Defence did not dispute the chain of custody in relation to the five “books” of cannabis or the analysis of the drugs. ²⁸ Ramendra also did not dispute the voluntariness and admissibility of his various statements to the CNB officers. ²⁹

12 At the close of the Prosecution’s case, I called for Ramendra to give his defence. ³⁰ Ramendra elected to give evidence. ³¹ In his testimony, Ramendra explained that, when he was in the taxi with Lavinder and Sherryl, he was surprised to see that Sherryl was transferring five “books” from Lavinder’s backpack into his (Ramendra’s) backpack. ³²

13 Ramendra then called Joe to ask him why he was being passed more than one “book”. ³³ He had only agreed to purchase one “book” for $2,000. ³⁴ Joe then asked Ramendra for a favour, which was to help deliver four “books” to a person at Jalan Kayu. ³⁵ He would give Ramendra the details of where exactly to go at Jalan Kayu later. ³⁶

14 Ramendra thought of returning the four “books” to Lavinder. ³⁷ However, he ultimately asked the taxi driver to head towards the Seletar area, which was in line with Joe’s instructions. ³⁸ Although Ramendra initially attributed his directions to the taxi driver to sheer confusion and a desire to run away, ³⁹ he admitted under cross-examination that, if he had not been arrested that day, he would have proceeded to Seletar Mall to wait for instructions from Joe as to where to deliver the four “books”. ⁴⁰ Indeed, Ramendra agreed that notwithstanding his emotions at that point in time, he had decided that he would actually deliver the four “books”. ⁴¹

15 As for the one “book” that he intended to keep for himself, Ramendra testified that he would consume about 20% of that “book”, and sell the remaining 80% to his friends after repacking that portion of the “book” into small bundles. ⁴²

16 Ramendra’s testimony at trial was materially consistent with his recorded statements. In these, he had admitted that he was aware that the five “books” contained cannabis, and that they were in his backpack, which he had thrown into the canal while being pursued by the CNB officers. ⁴³ Ramendra had also taken the position in these statements that he only intended to keep one of the “books” for himself, and that he had been asked by Joe to deliver four “books” to someone else. ⁴⁴

17 A discrepancy emerged in Ramendra’s sixth statement recorded on 17 March 2018 and his seventh statement recorded on 7 January 2020, both under s 22 of the CPC. In those statements, Ramendra provided a different account of events: he claimed that it was Sherryl who was collecting the five “books” from Joe, and Ramendra was only accompanying her in the taxi. However, in his oral testimony, Ramendra unequivocally recanted these two statements. ⁴⁵ He explained that he had made them because he was “angry with the whole situation” that he was in. ⁴⁶ Put simply, the two statements contained untrue assertions. Both the Prosecution and the Defence are taking the position that the court should disregard those two statements. ⁴⁷ As such, I say no more about them.

18 Slightly over two months after the trial was completed, and just before the written closing submissions were due, the Prosecution wrote to the court to state their intention to seek an amendment of the charge and to frame two new charges against Ramendra. ⁴⁸ I fixed a further hearing to deal with this issue.

19 At the hearing, the Prosecution informed the court that they were exercising their discretion to ask the court to amend the charge under s 128(1) of the Criminal Procedure Code and to frame two additional new charges against Ramendra, as follows:

20 The proposed amended first charge was to deal with exhibits A1A1A, A1B1A, A1C1A and A1E1A. ⁴⁹ The proposed new second and third charges dealt with A1D1A. ⁵⁰ In this regard, the Prosecution was proceeding on the assumption that Ramendra would have kept A1D1A for himself, and would have delivered the other four “books” as instructed by Joe. ⁵¹

21 The Defence had no objections to this course of action. ⁵² The Prosecution and the Defence informed me that that neither of them intended to lead any fresh evidence, or to seek to recall any witnesses for further examination in respect of the amendment of the existing charge and the new charges. ⁵³ They were both content to rely on the evidence that had been adduced at the trial. ⁵⁴

22 In an application to amend charges under s 128(1) of the CPC, a key consideration is whether prejudice may be occasioned to the accused (Public Prosecutor v Soh Chee Wen and another [2021] 3 SLR 641 at [55]). Such prejudice arises from the accused person’s lack of a sufficient opportunity to meet and to rebut the amended charges against him (Goh Chin Soon v Public Prosecutor [2021] 4 SLR 401 at [79]). In the present case, the Prosecution’s application to amend the existing charge and to frame new charges came relatively late in the day, only after the close of the accused’s defence. However, the substance of the proposed charges was substantially similar to the original charge, save that two separate charges of trafficking, and one for possession, were being framed now in respect of the “books” of cannabis, instead of just a single charge of trafficking all five “books”. This was in line with the evidence Ramendra had given on the stand in relation to what he would do with the five “books” he received from Lavinder. Further, the Defence was extended the opportunity to supplement its case to meet the proposed charges through fresh evidence or the recalling of witnesses, though this was not taken up. As such, I was satisfied that no prejudice would be occasioned to the accused, and I exercised my powers under s 128(1) of the CPC to alter the existing charge and to frame the additional two charges.

23 Ramendra’s plea was taken in relation the amended first charge, the second charge, and the third charge. He pleaded not guilty to all three charges. ⁵⁵

24 The elements necessary to make out a charge under s 5(1)(a) of the MDA are (Muhammad Ridzuan bin Md Ali v Public Prosecutor and other matters [2014] 3 SLR 721 at [59]):

25 In a similar vein, the elements necessary to make out a charge under s 8(a) of the MDA are (see Adili Chibuike Ejike v Public Prosecutor [2019] 2 SLR 254 at [35]–[40]):

26 For both sections, proving the element of possession of a controlled drug encompasses not only the fact of physical possession but also an element of knowledge, in that the accused knew that the drug was in fact in his possession, custody or control (Adili at [34]–[35]). This is often referred to as “knowing possession”.

27 The Prosecution argues that the elements of the charges under s 5(1)(a) and s 8(a) of the MDA have been established.

28 Ramendra was found in possession of the five “books” of cannabis, which are the subject of the charges. They were in his backpack, which he threw into the canal. Cannabis is a controlled drug listed in the First Schedule to the MDA. Ramendra has admitted in his statements and his testimony in court that he knew that all five “books” were in his backpack, and that they were packaged blocks of cannabis. This satisfies the elements of knowing possession and knowledge of the nature of the drug for each of the three charges. ⁵⁶

29 For the amended first charge relating to exhibits A1A1A, A1B1A, A1C1A and A1E1A, Ramendra admitted that he intended to deliver four “books” to someone in Jalan Kayu, on the instructions of Joe. On the basis that these four exhibits were the four “books” that would have been delivered by Ramendra, the Prosecution submits that the offence of trafficking has been made out, and as such, Ramendra should be convicted of the amended first charge. ⁵⁷

30 For the second charge relating to trafficking in 389.84g of cannabis (80% of 487.3g, which is the amount of cannabis in exhibit A1D1A), Ramendra admitted that he intended to keep one of the five “books” for himself, and that he would sell 80% of that “book” to his friends by repackaging the cannabis into smaller packets or bundles. Proceeding on the basis that exhibit A1D1A would have been the “book” kept by Ramendra, the Prosecution submits that it has shown that Ramendra was in possession of 389.84g of cannabis for the purposes of trafficking. Hence, the Prosecution submits that Ramendra should be convicted of the second charge. ⁵⁸

31 For the third charge relating to possession of 97.46g of cannabis (20% of 487.3g, which is the total amount of cannabis in exhibit A1D1A), Ramendra admitted that he planned to consume 20% of the “book” that he would retain for himself. Again, on the basis that exhibit A1D1A would have been the book retained, the Prosecution submits that it has shown that Ramendra was in possession of that amount of cannabis, and he should thus be convicted of the third charge. ⁵⁹

32 The Defence accepts that Ramendra was in knowing possession of the cannabis at the time of his arrest and that he had actual knowledge that the “books” contained cannabis. ⁶⁰ The Defence accepts that Ramendra intended to deliver four of the five “books” to someone in the Jalan Kayu area on Joe’s instructions, and to consume 20% of the last “book” and sell the remainder to his friends. ⁶¹ The Defence also accepts the position taken by the Prosecution that of the five “books”, Ramendra would have retained the “book” marked as exhibit A1D1A for his own consumption and for selling to his friends. ⁶² In other words, the Defence accepts the Prosecution’s case in relation to each of the elements of all three charges.

33 What the Defence has sought to do is to submit that, pursuant to s 33B(1)(a) read with s 33B(2) of the MDA, Ramendra “is now able to avail himself of the courier exception in relation to [the amended first charge]” that deals with exhibits A1A1A, A1B1A, A1C1A and A1E1A. ⁶³ During the oral submissions, the Prosecution accepted Ramendra’s evidence that his involvement in respect of these four “books” was to transport, send and/or deliver them to a person in Jalan Kayu, at the direction of Joe – ie that his role was that of a courier. ⁶⁴ In fact, it was pointed out by the deputy public prosecutor that there was no evidence to suggest that Ramendra’s role was anything but this. ⁶⁵ The Prosecution therefore did not dispute that Ramendra’s function was that of a courier in relation to the four “books” that are the subject of the amended first charge. Nonetheless, I should add that, strictly speaking, the fact that Ramendra was a courier is not a defence to liability under the amended first charge, but a submission that may go towards sentencing. It therefore has no bearing on my analysis as to whether Ramendra should be convicted of the amended first charge.

34 In light of Ramendra’s unequivocal testimony, and the submissions by both the Prosecution and the Defence, I find that the elements of all three charges have been established beyond any reasonable doubt.

35 For the first charge, I find that Ramendra did knowingly possess four of the “books” (ie exhibits A1A1A, A1B1A, A1C1A and A1E1A) for the purpose of trafficking, in that he intended to deliver the drugs to someone in Jalan Kayu, on the instructions of Joe. As such, the offence under s 5(1)(a) read with s 5(2) of the MDA has been made out.

36 For the second charge, I find that Ramendra did knowingly possess 389.84g of cannabis for the purpose of trafficking, in that he intended to sell that amount of cannabis to his friends after repacking them into smaller bundles. As such, the offence under s 5(1)(a) read with s 5(2) of the MDA has been made out.

37 For the third charge, I find that Ramendra did possess 97.46g of cannabis, in that he intended to keep that amount for his own consumption. As such, the offence under s 8(a) of the MDA has been made out.

38 I therefore find Ramendra guilty of all three charges and convict him accordingly.

39 I will deal with the question of sentencing separately.