1 This suit concerns a parcel of shares held by the plaintiffs in Raffles Education Corporation Limited (“REC”), a public company listed on the Singapore Exchange (“SGX”). The plaintiffs claim that pursuant to an oral agreement, or alternatively, a part-oral part-written agreement, the defendant undertook to procure a buyer for those shares, at $0.44 per share, by 15 November 2017. The plaintiffs claimed that the defendant had failed to comply with this obligation and is now liable for damages. The defendant argues that the agreement in question was not legally binding and that in any event, he had fulfilled his obligations pursuant to this informal arrangement. I shall refer to this agreement, whether in the context of the position of the plaintiffs or of the defendant, as “the Agreement”.

2 The first plaintiff is Mr Oei Hong Leong (“Oei”), an experienced businessman who invests in the shares of listed companies. ¹ Oei indirectly owns more than 90% of the shares in the second plaintiff, the Oei Hong Leong Art Museum Ltd (collectively, “the plaintiffs”). ²

3 The defendant is Mr Chew Hua Seng (“Chew”). He is the founder, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) of REC. ³ His wife, Ms Doris Chung Gim Lian (“Doris”), is REC’s director of operations and human resources. ⁴

4 At the material time, Oei and Chew had been good friends for about ten years. ⁵ Their families were well acquainted with one another ⁶ and Oei and his wife had holidayed with Chew and Doris, (collectively, “the Chews”) on more than one occasion. ⁷ The Chews were also (and remain) close friends of Oei’s sister, Ms Sukmawati Widjaja (“Sukma”) ⁸ , who is a neighbour of theirs.

5 Besides their personal friendship, Oei and Chew also shared a business relationship. Oei became a substantial shareholder in REC sometime in 2012 and steadily increased his stake over time. As of 25 September 2017, the plaintiffs held 14.04% of the share capital in REC. ⁹ As explained at [7], this share has since been diluted to 12.88%. The plaintiffs are the second largest shareholder in REC after the Chews who presently hold about 33.58% of the company’s shares. ¹⁰

6 Oei was not a passive investor. In or around August 2017, he introduced Chew to Mr Yang Wei Chang (“Yang”), a fellow businessman and potential investor, from the People’s Republic of China (“China”). Oei believed that Yang would be able to assist REC, which was facing difficulties with its expansion into China. ¹¹ Chew met with Yang on several occasions from August to October 2017. ¹² He visited Yang’s universities in China and took Yang to REC’s college in Iskandar, Malaysia. ¹³ However, the pair did not reach an agreement on whether Yang would invest in REC.

7 On 28 September 2017, the board of REC announced to the SGX that REC had entered into a placement with RHB Securities Singapore Pte Ltd (“RHB”) on 27 September 2017 (the “Placement Agreement”). ¹⁴ Under the Placement Agreement, RHB would source for subscribers for up to 95 million new ordinary shares, which would be issued by REC (the “Placement Shares”). The Placement Agreement had the effect of diluting the Chews’ and the plaintiffs’ shareholding. ¹⁵

8 Oei had three main concerns about the Placement Agreement. First, REC had not disclosed the identities of the placees; second, there was no assurance that these placees would add value to REC that an investor like Yang would, which was Oei’s preference; and third, there did not appear to be a financial need for the Placement Agreement. For these reasons Oei was suspicious of Chew’s motives. ¹⁶

9 Oei met Chew on a number of occasions in September and October 2017 to discuss his unhappiness over the Placement Agreement. ¹⁷ Chew’s evidence is that Oei was disgruntled about not having been informed of the Placement Agreement ahead of the announcement on 28 September 2017. Chew said that Oei accused him of issuing the Placement Shares to parties acting in concert with him, which Chew denied. Oei also threatened to cause trouble for Chew if he did not give in to his various demands namely, to issue shares to Yang or to cancel the Placement Agreement. Oei denies that any such threats were made. According to him, he merely expressed his concerns over the Placement Agreement, at [8]. He also suggested that the Placement Shares should be issued to Yang as a “strategic investor”. ¹⁸ Putting aside this divergence in accounts, it is undisputed that the two men were unable to resolve their differences over the Placement Agreement. This caused their personal relationship to deteriorate. ¹⁹

10 On 6 October 2017, Oei sent a letter, addressing Chew in his capacity as the CEO of REC, formally communicating his unhappiness over the Placement Agreement. ²⁰ This letter was copied to the SGX and the Securities Industry Council. Oei said that “shareholders [had] the right to know the names of the actual placees and whether they [were Chew’s] concert parties”. Chew replied to this letter on the same day to state that: ²¹

(a) The placees had been identified by RHB without any input from REC.

(b) The placement would not be made to any restricted persons under rule 812(1) of the listing manual of the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited (“Listing Manual”).

(c) Chew had confirmed to REC that none of the placees were acting in concert with him.

(d) REC would comply with its disclosure obligations under the Securities and Futures Act (Cap 289, 2006 Rev Ed) and the Listing Manual.

REC also issued an announcement to the SGX that it had received in-principle approval for the listing and quotation of the Placement Shares. ²² On 10 October 2017, the board of REC issued a further announcement that the Placement Shares had been allotted and issued and that they would be listed on the official list of the SGX on 12 October 2017. ²³

11 Oei remained dissatisfied. On 10 October 2017, Morgan Lewis Stamford LLC, Oei’s solicitors at the time, wrote to the SGX on his behalf. The letter requested the SGX to obtain REC’s confirmation that the Placement Agreement complied with rule 810(2) of the Listing Manual and that the Placement Agent was not subject to any restrictions and directions imposed by REC. ²⁴

12 On 12 October 2017, Oei issued a notice of requisition (“Notice of Requisition”) on behalf of the plaintiffs to convene an extraordinary general meeting (“EGM”) pursuant to s 176 of the Companies Act (Cap 50, 2006 Rev Ed) (“the CA”). ²⁵ This was motivated by his concerns over the Placement Agreement and the poor management and performance of REC. ²⁶ Besides calling for a disclosure of the placees’ identities, Oei also sought to have Chew removed from his position as Chairman and CEO. He proposed tabling the following resolutions for the EGM:

The Notice of Requisition was announced to the SGX by REC on the same day. ²⁷ It was also reported in the local press. ²⁸

13 On 13 October 2017, REC held its Annual General Meeting (“AGM”). The company had posted a net loss over the last financial year and Chew urged investors to “give him more time to deliver on his promises”. During the AGM, shareholders raised their concerns over the impending EGM. Questions were asked about the identity of the placees. ²⁹ Chew refused to disclose the identities of the placees, citing issues of confidentiality. Separately, there were also suggestions that different individuals, in the interest of good corporate governance, hold the roles of Chairman and CEO. In response, Chew replied that separating the roles was a recommendation, not a requirement. Oei did not attend the AGM.

14 On the evening of 16 October 2017, Oei, Chew, Doris and Sukma met at Sukma’s house (the “16 October Meeting”). There, Oei proposed to buy out the Chews and launch a non-hostile takeover of REC. ³⁰ Chew declined this offer because Chew considered his shares in REC to be a family asset and he wished to leave the business to his children. ³¹ Chew was also not agreeable to buying out the plaintiffs’ stake in REC because he would then become obliged to make a general offer for the other shareholders’ shares. ³²

15 According to Chew, Oei maintained that he wished to sell the plaintiffs’ shares in REC and was prepared to do so at a price of $0.44 per share. He then asked Chew to help him find a buyer. Chew cautioned Oei that it would be difficult to find a buyer at that price, as it was significantly higher than the trading price of about $0.33 per share at the time. ³³ Chew said that nevertheless, because of their longstanding friendship, he agreed to “try and help [Oei] find a buyer” within a month. ³⁴ Chew suggested a deadline of one month because it was unlikely that the plaintiffs’ shares could be sold if a buyer was not found within that time. Chew said that, Oei then said that he would withdraw the Notice of Requisition.

16 Oei’s evidence on this is different. He said that it was Chew who suggested the sale price of $0.44 per share, which reflected the value of REC’s net tangible assets. ³⁵ He also undertook to “procure a buyer to buy [the plaintiffs’] shares. [Chew] said he would be able to complete the sale and purchase … within one month”. ³⁶ When Oei asked whether the transaction could be completed sooner, Chew said he would be more comfortable if he had a month to do so. Oei agreed to withdraw the Notice of Requisition at Chew’s request ³⁷ on condition that all the plaintiffs’ shares would be bought at the requisite price by 15 November 2017.

17 Doris and Sukma did not participate in this discussion over the sale of the plaintiffs’ shares. Doris’ evidence is that the two women were engaged in their own conversation. ³⁸ Oei then asked Chew to record the substance of the Agreement on a piece of paper (“16 October Note”). The 16 October Note read: ³⁹

Oei and Chew both signed the 16 October Note and Sukma appended her signature as a witness. On Oei’s further request, Chew copied the contents of the 16 October Note onto a second piece of paper. This was so that Oei could have his own copy. ⁴⁰ Thereafter, Oei and Chew celebrated their resolution with champagne and a handshake. ⁴¹ This is documented in photographs taken of the pair. ⁴² Shortly after that, the parties left Sukma’s house.

18 On 17 October 2017, Oei met up with Mr Tan Chin Nam (“Tan”), an independent director of REC, to discuss the drafting of an announcement to be made by REC. Oei informed Tan about the events of the previous evening. Oei’s evidence is that he told Tan that Chew had offered to procure a buyer for the plaintiffs’ shares and the plaintiffs had agreed to withdraw the Notice of Requisition subject to certain conditions. ⁴³ Oei said he and Tan had a “good conversation on how to resolve the issues at hand”. ⁴⁴ It was agreed that Tan was to prepare a draft announcement specifying the plaintiffs’ withdrawal of the Notice of Requisition. According to Oei, this announcement would only be issued after Chew procured a buyer for the plaintiffs’ shares. ⁴⁵

19 Oei had a follow-up meeting with Tan on 19 October 2017 at which Oei proposed to either buy out the Chews’ shares in REC or that he be bought out by Chew. If not, then Chew would have to find a buyer for the plaintiffs’ shares. ⁴⁶ Tan informed Chew of this development via Whatsapp, ⁴⁷ but it appears that no substantive action was taken to address Oei’s new proposals. On 23 October 2017, a draft withdrawal letter and announcement, prepared by Allen & Gledhill LLP, was circulated by Tan to REC’s other independent directors. ⁴⁸ The approved drafts were then shown to Oei for his approval on 25 October 2017. However, Oei was unhappy with the wording of the draft announcement which stated, “the [plaintiffs] are now satisfied that the Placement was carried out in compliance with applicable laws and regulations”. ⁴⁹ Oei’s position was that he had only agreed to the plaintiffs withdrawing the Notice of Requisition on the basis of Chew procuring a buyer for their shares. ⁵⁰ No concessions had been made as to the propriety of the Placement Agreement.

20 On or around 25 October 2017, Oei received an update from Chew that he had found a potential buyer, a businessman from China known as Mr Peng Yusen (“Peng”). ⁵¹ One qualification was that Peng would require time to secure the necessary funds unless he could make payment in Chinese Yuan (“RMB”). However, Oei made it clear that he would not accept RMB. Instead, it was agreed that Peng would make payment in Singapore currency (“S$”) over ten consecutive weekly instalments. ⁵² According to Chew, in the midst of these discussions, Oei continued to suggest the possibility of him buying the Chews’ stake in REC or selling the plaintiffs’ shares to Chew. These suggestions were ignored. Chew requested REC’s in-house counsel, Mr John Tham (“Tham”) to prepare a template sale and purchase agreement. ⁵³

21 Chew showed Oei several drafts of the sale and purchase agreement. Edits were made, at Oei’s behest, to shorten the draft to a one-page document. ⁵⁴ Oei remained apprehensive over the deal because it was unlikely that the plaintiffs’ shares would be completely bought out by 15 November 2017. ⁵⁵ Oei refused to sign the finalised sale and purchase agreement between himself and Peng, shown to him by Chew on 28 October 2017 (the “SPA”). ⁵⁶ Instead, he proposed that Peng make an upfront payment of 20% and then subsequently pay in weekly instalments of 10%. ⁵⁷

22 Chew updated Tan accordingly via Whatsapp message that same day: ⁵⁸

23 On 31 October 2017, Oei wrote a letter to Chew and Tan to defer the Notice of Requisition to a date after 15 November 2017. The letter referred to the fact that “Chew has agreed and undertaken certain actions by the 15 November 2017”. ⁵⁹ Chew was not inclined to agree to any deferment, mindful of the obligation under s 176(3) of the CA for directors to convene an EGM within 21 days from the date of a notice of requisition. In a Whatsapp exchange with members of the REC board, he wrote “[w]e will not accept his deferment but will accept his withdrawal. The law states 21 days and we need to perform our duty and therefore we should proceed as agreed”. ⁶⁰ REC responded on the same day, informing Oei that “[u]nless the Company receives a formal notice of withdrawal from you, in respect of the Notice of Requisition, the Company will comply with its obligations under section 176 of the [CA].”

24 On 2 November 2017, REC sent the necessary notice of the EGM and accompanying circular to its shareholders. ⁶¹ On 15 November 2017, the plaintiffs withdrew their Notice of Requisition. ⁶² It is the plaintiffs’ position that they were not obliged to do so and acted only with the intention of upholding Oei’s side of the agreement. ⁶³

25 The plaintiffs’ primary case is that there was an oral agreement concluded between the parties. ⁶⁴ The substance of the Agreement was that Chew was to procure a buyer for the plaintiffs’ shares, at $0.44 per share, by 15 November 2017. ⁶⁵ This meant that Chew would “ensure” or “see to it” that the plaintiffs’ shares would be bought. ⁶⁶ Upon the satisfaction of this condition, the plaintiffs would withdraw the Notice of Requisition. In the alternative, the Agreement was partly oral and partly in writing, as documented in the 16 October Note. ⁶⁷ The plaintiffs dispute the defendant’s assertion that there was no intention to create legal relations. They rely on, inter alia, the events that transpired prior to the 16 October Meeting and the wording of the 16 October Note to support their case.

26 Not only was the Agreement legally binding, it was also breached when Chew failed to hold up his side of the bargain. Merely finding a potential buyer (ie, Peng) was not good enough.

27  Flowing from the defendant’s breach, the plaintiffs claim: ⁶⁸

(a) Damages in the sum of $26,547,809, alternatively $20,617,270, alternatively, $15,029,256.

(b) Interest on the sum of damages awarded at the rate of 5.33% per annum from 16 November 2017 to the date of the judgment.

(c) Post judgment interest at the rate of 5.33% per annum.

(d) Costs.

28 There are three tiers to the defendant’s case. Primarily, he disputes that there was ever an intention to create legal relations. ⁶⁹ The 16 October Meeting was nothing more than a friendly, informal get-together and the 16 October Note only demonstrates that Oei and Chew had amicably settled their differences. This is also supported by the parties’ subsequent conduct. ⁷⁰

29 Secondly, the defendant argues that even if there was a legally binding agreement, there was no breach. ⁷¹ Applying the principles of contractual interpretation, the parties only intended that Chew would try to find a buyer. He was under no requirement to ensure the sale of the plaintiffs’ shares. Chew also satisfied this obligation, he found a potential buyer in the form of Peng. Chew even directed Tham to draft a sale and purchase agreement to facilitate the conclusion of this potential deal. It was Oei’s unreasonable behaviour, which scuppered the deal.

30 Finally, the defendant submits that if he is liable for breach, the plaintiffs are nevertheless not entitled to the damages claimed. The plaintiffs failed to mitigate their losses, because of Oei’s insistence that there be a 20% upfront payment. ⁷² In addition, the defendant also disputes the plaintiffs’ quantification of damages. The details of this are set out later in this judgment.

31 The disputed issues are threefold:

32 The test of whether parties intended to create legal relations is objective (Tribune Investment Trust Inc v Soosan Trading Co Ltd [2000] 2 SLR(R) 407 at [40]). A court will evaluate the parties’ assertions as to their subjective intentions against the available circumstantial evidence (Andrew Phang Boon Leong, The Law of Contract in Singapore (Academy Publishing, 2012) (“The Law of Contract”) at para [05.007]). While much of this exercise is guided by the factual matrix of each case (Gay Choon Ing v Loh Sze Ti Terence Peter and another appeal [2009] 2 SLR(R) 332 (“Gay Choon Ing”) at [71]), there are certain established presumptions which assist the courts in their task. “[A] commercial agreement [for example] is … viewed very differently from a non-commercial agreement” (John Cartwright, Formation and Variation of Contracts (Sweet & Maxwell, 2nd Ed, 2018) at para [3-10]). In the context of social and domestic arrangements, there is a presumption that parties do not intend to create legal relations (Gay Choon Ing at [72] citing Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571). A converse presumption operates in the context of business and commercial arrangements; it is presumed that parties do intend to create legal relations (Gay Choon Ing at [72] citing Rose and Frank Company v J R Crompton and Brothers, Limited and others [1925] AC 445).

33 These presumptions do not, of course, detract from the fundamental task of ascertaining “the true bargain between the parties, to seek the substance and reality of the transaction and to ascertain what common intentions should be ascribed to the parties” (Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corp Ltd v Jurong Engineering Ltd and others [2000] 1 SLR(R) 204 at [43]). The presumptions merely signpost the parties’ respective burdens of proof (The Law of Contract at para [05.011]).

34 In seeking to identify the “substance and reality of the transaction”, a court is not necessarily confined to looking at the parties’ conduct prior to, or at the time of, the purported agreement. In its recent decision in Simpson Marine (SEA) Pte Ltd v Jiacipto Jiaravanon [2019] 1 SLR 696 at [78], the Court of Appeal discussed the relevance of subsequent conduct in ascertaining whether a contract has been formed. It noted that whilst “the admissibility and relevance of subsequent conduct in the formation … of contracts has yet to receive detailed scrutiny … evidence of subsequent conduct has traditionally been regarded as admissible and relevant”.

35 With this in mind, I consider whether either of the presumptions set out at [32] arise in this case. The parties have taken diametrically opposing positions. The plaintiffs argue that the Agreement, the substance of which related to the sale of shares, “[was plainly] struck in a commercial or business context”. ⁷³ Hence, it should be presumed that there was an intention for this to be legally binding. In contrast, the defendant asserts that he and Oei reached the Agreement with the aim of reconciling and mending their strained relationship. The presumption against the creation of legal relations extends to agreements between friends and those made on social occasions. Although the Agreement involved the exchange of valuable consideration, the circumstances were “distinctly casual” ⁷⁴ (The Law of Contract at para [05.019]).

36 Prima facie, the presumption of an intention to create legal relations applies on the present facts. Notwithstanding their longstanding personal friendship, Oei and Chew also had a distinct commercial relationship. My initial impression is that the agreement concluded at the 16 October Meeting, a transaction that would notably affect the shareholding of REC, was concluded in the context of that latter relationship. I emphasise that this is only a preliminary finding and it is for the defendant to displace this presumption on the balance of probabilities.

37 The available circumstantial evidence falls into two broad areas:

(a)  Evidence as to the nature (ie, the purpose and tone) of the 16 October Meeting.

(b) Evidence as to the substantive content of the Agreement.

I shall examine these areas in turn.

38 In advancing their case, the plaintiffs place emphasis on the background to the 16 October Meeting. Oei and Chew were engaged in an increasingly hostile and public dispute over the management of REC, instigated by the Placement Agreement. The plaintiffs’ Notice of Requisition not only called into question the propriety of the Placement Agreement, it also targeted Chew personally by seeking to remove him as Chairman and CEO. This so-called vote of no confidence from a substantial stakeholder applied a very public form of pressure on Chew. It also generated concerns amongst REC’s other shareholders (see [13] above). ⁷⁵ Chew knew that Oei was an experienced businessman with an investment career spanning some 30 to 40 years. ⁷⁶ He was also aware that Oei had a history of buying large stakes in listed companies before attempting to sell his shares at a profit or take over the company. ⁷⁷ There was a real risk that Oei would succeed in passing the resolutions at the EGM. Chew was so concerned about the outcome of the EGM that, as the meeting drew nearer, he met with key shareholders to ensure that he would have enough votes to block the plaintiffs’ resolutions. ⁷⁸ The 16 October Meeting was motivated by Chew’s desperation to cut a deal. He wanted to find an escape route from the impending EGM. ⁷⁹

39 The evidence does not support this assertion. Under intensive cross-examination, Chew maintained that he did not consider the plaintiffs’ Notice of Requisition to be a serious threat or concern. ⁸⁰ This was because he knew Oei was simply posturing. ⁸¹ Oei was not actually concerned about the management of REC or issues of corporate governance, which is why he did not attend REC’s AGM. In fact, he saw REC as a valuable investment. In the months preceding the Placement Agreement, he had been increasing his shareholding. ⁸² The real reason why Oei issued the Notice of Requisition was that he wanted greater control of REC. He was unhappy that Chew was unwilling to accede to his demands, ie, to issues shares to Yang (at [9]). Chew harboured the suspicion that Oei and Yang were working together to dilute the Chews’ stake in REC. ⁸³ The Notice of Requisition was nothing more than a “stunt” to try to back Chew into a corner. ⁸⁴ Chew was also confident that Oei would face defeat at the EGM. ⁸⁵ Concerns raised at the AGM had come from a vocal but small camp of shareholders. Whilst Chew had canvassed support in the lead up to the EGM, this was only done to fortify his position. Chew’s evidence on this point is supported by Oei’s concession that it would have been difficult for him to succeed in passing the proposed resolutions at the EGM. ⁸⁶ When considered objectively, it becomes clear that Chew was prepared to stand his ground in the face of Oei’s hardball tactics. The Notice of Requisition did not apply pressure on Chew to the extent that it prompted him to seek out a meeting with Oei.

40 What then, was the purpose of the 16 October Meeting? The case put forward by the defendant is that it was for Chew and Oei to set aside their differences and reconcile. ⁸⁷ Notwithstanding what had transpired in the wake of the Placement Agreement, Chew still treasured Oei as a friend and shareholder. ⁸⁸ He did not want Oei to “lose even more face” by being defeated at the EGM. ⁸⁹ A meeting to resolve their conflict privately would save the both of them further trouble. The plaintiffs assert that the defendant’s position is simply unbelievable. ⁹⁰ It was Chew’s own evidence that on the various occasions that Oei had met with Chew between September and October 2017, Oei had threatened him with legal action. ⁹¹ This was followed by the Notice of Requisition to remove Chew as Chairman and CEO. Chew, the founder of REC, regarded his stake in the company as a “family asset” which he wished to pass on to his children. This attempt by Oei to take control of REC was a direct threat to his legacy. ⁹² The plaintiffs also point to Whatsapp messages exchanged between Chew and the other directors of REC where he called Oei a “threat” and contemplated commencing an action against him for defamation. ⁹³ The 16 October Meeting was not an opportunity for mending fences but a chance to rid REC and Chew of a troublesome shareholder.

41 I accept the plaintiffs’ submission that Chew’s evidence of the degree of warmth and affection he felt towards Oei is somewhat exaggerated. However, this does not conclusively determine that the discussion during the 16 October Meeting was conducted in a purely business context. In this regard, I accord weight to the setting of the meeting. Oei and Chew did not convene their discussion in a formal setting or in the company of their legal advisors. Instead, they met outside business hours at Sukma’s house with their family members, Doris and Sukma, in attendance. This would have been “an unlikely setting in which to negotiate a contractual … arrangement” (Mr Jeffrey Ross Blue v Mr Michael James Wallace Ashley [2017] EWHC 1928 (Comm) at [81]) ⁹⁴ and supports the defendant’s argument that the 16 October Meeting was intended to be an inherently informal and social gathering, rather than a business negotiation.

42 It is also worth noting how the meeting came to be organised. According to the defendant, Doris received a call from Sukma on the evening of 13 October 2017. ⁹⁵ Sukma suggested that Oei and Chew should meet to resolve their differences and urged Doris to help her organise the meeting. Chew was then persuaded to meet Oei. The plaintiffs have a slightly different account. According to Oei, he received a call on 16 October itself from Sukma saying that Chew wished to meet him. ⁹⁶ However, this contradicts the evidence of Chew and Doris that it was Sukma who initiated the event. As Oei did not call Sukma to give evidence, he cannot rely on what he had heard from Sukma as evidence that it was Chew who initiated it. The best case for the plaintiffs is that it was Sukma who had initiated it, and she had given different accounts to the parties in a bid to convince them to meet. The worst case would be that it was Oei who asked Sukma to arrange it. Whatever it is, there is sufficient evidence that both men were given an indication that the purpose of the 16 October Meeting was for them to hear one another out in an informal setting.

43 The overall tone of the meeting also supports this conclusion. According to Doris, the conversation between Oei and Chew “was also friendly in nature”. ⁹⁷ Acknowledging the rift that had emerged between them, Chew explained that he and Oei spoke openly and honestly. There was no need for them to be as close as they had previously been, or even be friends, but there was also nothing to gain from them being enemies. They agreed, “[l]et’s don’t fight” and sought to bury the hatchet. ⁹⁸ The objective of the Agreement was to make peace, a distinctly personal motivation. Following their discussion, Oei and Chew not only shook hands but also embraced. ⁹⁹ It is telling that Oei does not substantially contest the Chews’ evidence on the mood that evening. Oei also gave evidence that the discussion on the sale of the plaintiffs’ shares concluded very quickly, lasting less than two minutes. ¹⁰⁰ The parties then celebrated with champagne. This at the very least indicates that arms-length dealing was only a minor aspect of the 16 October Meeting.

44 The picture of the 16 October Meeting would be more complete if the plaintiffs had called Sukma to give evidence. She was one of the four people present at the 16 October Meeting. She was also a witness of the 16 October Note. The defendant submits that this failure to call Sukma is extremely telling. ¹⁰¹ It leads to the irresistible inference that Oei was concerned that Sukma would not support his account. ¹⁰² The plaintiffs strongly deny this. ¹⁰³ They submit that Sukma’s evidence would be of little meaning or relevance because she was not party to the discussion between Oei and Chew and would not be able to offer any additional context to the Agreement. Separately, her witnessing the signing of the 16 October Note is a superfluous consideration because “[t]he handwritten records and the contemporaneous documents relating to the meeting … are in evidence and speak for themselves”.

45 I cannot accept this submission. Setting aside the substance of the Agreement, Sukma’s evidence is clearly relevant in either supporting or detracting from the conclusion that the 16 October Meeting was, at its heart, an informal social gathering. I also agree with the defendant that Oei would have been apprised of the importance of Sukma’s evidence, having received the benefit of legal advice. I am therefore compelled to draw an adverse inference against the plaintiffs in not calling Sukma to give evidence.

46 A final point for consideration relates to the duration of the 16 October Meeting. The defendant’s evidence is that the Chews spent several hours at Sukma’s house. It was an evening of dining and merriment amongst friends. ¹⁰⁴ The atmosphere of the meeting very much embodied a spirit of reconciliation. The parties disagree on how long it lasted. Chew said they met for dinner at Sukma’s house, implying that it lasted several hours. Oei’s evidence is that the group was only together for about an hour. ¹⁰⁵ Both Oei and Chew had attended a social event earlier that same evening, a fact that Chew conceded during cross-examination, and Oei only arrived at Sukma’s at about 8.30pm. ¹⁰⁶ The photographs taken of Oei and Chew after the conclusion of the Agreement are time stamped as 9.33pm. ¹⁰⁷ At 9.47pm, Oei sent Sukma a Whatsapp message saying, “[g]oodnight” ¹⁰⁸ suggesting that by then, the party had dispersed and Oei had returned home. The plaintiffs submit that this undermines the defendant’s characterisation of the 16 October Meeting. The relatively short duration of the gathering indicates that the parties were focused on business.

47 I am not persuaded by this argument. The defendant’s insistence that the 16 October Meeting lasted the entire course of the evening, even when there is evidence to suggest otherwise, can be attributed to a poor recollection of the event or a desire to buttress his case. I do not think that this detracts from the admitted evidence that the meeting was in the informal setting of Sukma’s dining room, with alcohol flowing, if not throughout, certainly at the end of it. When the evidence is considered in its totality, it becomes apparent that the driving force behind the 16 October Meeting was Oei’s and Chew’s personal relationship. This displaces any initial presumption that the Agreement reached between the two men occurred in a “commercial or business context”.

48 I now consider the substance of the Agreement concluded at the 16 October Meeting and whether it was the common intention of the parties that this be legally binding.

49 Preliminarily, the plaintiffs’ case is that this was an oral agreement. Alternatively, it was both oral and written, with the 16 October Note reflecting the written part of the Agreement. I find that if the parties did conclude a legally binding agreement, a point that I have yet to determine, it was both an oral and written contract. The plaintiffs rely on the inclusion of a specific word, the term, “procure”, in the 16 October Note to argue that certain obligations were undertaken by Chew (see [59] below). Whilst Chew gave evidence that the wording of the 16 October Note accurately reflected the preceding oral discussion ¹⁰⁹ , it is unclear whether the word “procure” was specifically used or if it emerged for the first time as Chew was recording the 16 October Note. Oei’s evidence sheds no light on this point because he could not recall the precise wording used by Chew during their conversation. ¹¹⁰ In fact, he was more concerned with what was recorded in the 16 October Note. Given the importance of this term “procure” to the plaintiffs’ case, it follows that any agreement must have been both oral and written.

50 The plaintiffs assert that there were two elements to the Agreement. Firstly, Chew agreed to “procure” a buyer for the plaintiffs’ shares by 15 November 2017 at a price of S$0.44 per share. Secondly, on condition that this was done, the plaintiffs would withdraw their Notice of Requisition. ¹¹¹ The defendant argues that the parties could not have intended this to be legally binding because if the terms of the Agreement were as the plaintiffs had characterised them to be, Chew would have been taking on a highly onerous obligation: to secure the sale of the plaintiffs’ shares at a substantial premium within a relatively short period. In the absence of any personal incentive, it is inconceivable that he would have agreed to this. ¹¹² I agree. The plaintiffs claim that Chew was the one who suggested a sale price of $0.44 per share and the deadline of one month. This account only makes sense if Chew was threatened by the impending EGM and was therefore willing to go to extensive lengths (ie, propose and commit to a commercially insensible arrangement) to ensure the plaintiffs withdrew their Notice of Requisition. ¹¹³ I have already found that the evidence does not support this.

51 This is reinforced by the fact that there is no reference in the 16 October Note to the plaintiffs’ obligation to withdraw the Notice of Requisition. If the 16 October Note was indeed an accurate reflection of the pair’s discussion, and if the withdrawal of the Notice of Requisition was Chew’s ultimate objective, why did he fail to record this quid pro quo? Oei himself could not explain why this had not been done. ¹¹⁴ Further, on the plaintiffs’ case, they were only obliged to withdraw the Notice of Requisition after the purchase of their shares. It is therefore curious why Oei met with Tan to prepare the draft announcement for the plaintiffs’ withdrawal of the Notice of Requisition, the day after the 16 October Meeting, even when there was no prospective buyer in sight. The plaintiffs’ eventual withdrawal of the Notice of Requisition on 15 November 2017, after the SPA with Peng fell through, raises similar questions. There is no reason why the plaintiffs should have felt compelled to withdraw the Notice of Requisition to uphold their end of the bargain when Chew had not performed. Under cross-examination, Oei accepted that there was no barrier to the plaintiffs simply commencing legal proceedings. ¹¹⁵ The plaintiffs’ conduct therefore suggests that the withdrawal of the Notice of Requisition was not conditional on Chew securing a buyer. Rather, Oei had agreed to do so voluntarily. This also explains why the condition was absent from the 16 October Note.

52 The fact that Chew reminded Oei, on or around 27 October 2017, that the last day to withdraw the Notice of Requisition was 2 November 2017 ¹¹⁶ does not undermine this conclusion. The plaintiffs say that this reminder was Chew trying to ensure that Oei complied with his side of the Agreement because by then, Chew had already identified Peng as a prospective buyer. I accept Chew’s explanation that this was simply a matter of logistics; he needed to know whether the EGM would be going ahead because REC would have to print the relevant notices and secure a venue for the meeting. ¹¹⁷ The plaintiffs’ withdrawal of their Notice of Requisition, while it would save Chew from embarrassment at the EGM, was not of any other consequence to him as he was certain that Oei’s ploy would fail. Considered holistically, there is only one logical explanation for why Chew agreed to the arrangement with Oei. Oei wished to make a “clean break” ¹¹⁸ and out of regard for their former friendship, Chew agreed to help. The pair could then go their separate ways on amicable terms.

53 In arguing for the existence of a legally binding agreement, the plaintiffs rely heavily on the recording of the 16 October Note. Oei and Chew took the trouble to document the substance of their discussion. They each appended their signatures with Sukma as a witness. A duplicate of the 16 October Note was then produced so that the both of them would have a copy. This intentional exercise could not have been devoid of legal effect. ¹¹⁹ The defendant’s explanation, that the 16 October Note was drafted to show their families that the two men had made peace ¹²⁰ , is completely unbelievable. ¹²¹ Why, the plaintiffs ask, would they have taken the trouble to prepare a written document when they could have simply told their families about their reconciliation? After all, Sukma and Doris were also present at the 16 October Meeting. The plaintiffs also draw attention to the wording of the 16 October Note:

(a) The substance of the 16 October Note is prefaced with the phrase “Confidential Agreement”.

(b) There is specific and formal reference made to the date and location of the 16 October Meeting.

(c) The nature of and background to the Agreement is specified – “an amicable solution with regards to the differences of opinion of the operation of Raffles Education”.

(d) The essential details of Chew’s undertaking, such as his obligation to procure a buyer, the sale price of the shares and the last date of transaction, are particularised.

This language suggests that the 16 October Note was drafted with precision and care. ¹²² This would only have been done if it had been anticipated that the 16 October Note would carry legal significance.

54 In my view, the fact that Chew and Oei supplemented their oral discussion with the 16 October Note does not conclusively demonstrate an intention to create legal relations. Indeed, it suggests the opposite. Both Chew and Oei are experienced businesspersons. Had the Agreement been meant to be legally binding, as commercial men, they would have instructed their lawyers to draft a legal document to capture their obligations accurately. But they did not do so. They considered the 16 October Note, drafted by a layperson, to be adequate precisely because it did not hold a legal function. It is important to reiterate the context of the 16 October Meeting, which was a gathering for Chew and Oei to resolve their differences. Against this backdrop, it is plausible that the pair may have wanted to use the 16 October Note as a symbolic gesture, evidencing their reconciliation. ¹²³ This also explains why they both signed the 16 October Note and made Sukma witness this.

55 In the same vein, it is also unproductive to place too much emphasis on the wording of the 16 October Note. The plaintiffs’ suggestion that the parties carefully drafted the substance of the 16 October Note is at odds with the “casual, friendly setting” ¹²⁴ of the 16 October Meeting. I accept Chew’s evidence that the 16 October Note and its duplicate were drafted with no real consideration being given to the terminology employed. ¹²⁵ The objective was simply to capture the essence of the pair’s “amicable solution”.

56 I add that, contrary to the plaintiffs’ suggestion, the wording of the 16 October Note does not clearly particularise the nature of the defendant’s obligations. The 16 October Note refers to the “last day of transaction” being 15 November 2017. The plaintiffs themselves appear to be unclear on what this would have entailed. On the plaintiffs’ case, “transaction” meant that the buyout of the plaintiffs’ shares would have been completed by 15 November 2017. ¹²⁶ Yet, during cross-examination, Oei gave evidence that “transaction” referred to the signing of a sale and purchase agreement by 15 November 2017. ¹²⁷ There had to be a “done deal” although the sale itself did not have to be completed. The ambiguity stemming from the use of the word “transaction” is not surprising. The parties’ oral discussion lasted less than two minutes. They would not have gone into the specifics of what Chew had to do by 15 November 2017. They also chose not to elaborate on this point in the 16 October Note. The reason for this is clear. This was a voluntary arrangement with no legal force and there was therefore no need to do so.

57 In any case, where the language of the 16 October Note is clear, it appears that the plaintiffs themselves did not consider these terms to be binding. The Agreement envisaged a sale of the plaintiffs’ shares to a buyer found by Chew. Yet in his subsequent discussions with Tan and Chew, Oei continued to propose that he buy out the Chews or that Chew buy out the plaintiffs, ¹²⁸ completely disregarding the substance of his arrangement with Chew. The plaintiffs cannot take the position that there was a binding contract when Oei’s subsequent conduct indicates the contrary. I accordingly find that the defendant has successfully displaced the presumption that there was a common intention to create legal relations at the 16 October Meeting.

58 I now consider, on the assumption that there was an intention to create legal relations, what were the defendant’s obligations pursuant to the agreement? Did he breach those obligations?

59 The answer to the first of these questions turns on what the parties meant by “procure” in the 16 October Note. The plaintiffs’ position is that the use of this term shows that Chew was obliged to ensure or “see to” the purchase of the plaintiffs’ shares. This also coheres with what Oei understood from Chew during their oral discussion, which was that Chew would “guarantee” him or “undertake” to get a buyer. ¹²⁹ The plaintiffs rely on the findings of the Court of Appeal in Tan Hock Keng v L & M Group Investments Ltd [2002] 1 SLR(R) 672 (“Tan Hock Keng”). ¹³⁰ There, the Court considered the nature and extent of the appellant’s obligations under certain sale and purchase agreements. In the context of the relevant clause, the Court found that the term “procure” meant, “shall cause a thing to be done”, “shall ensure” or “shall bring about” (at [28]).

60 The findings of the Court in Tan Hock Keng on the meaning of “procure” cannot be extrapolated to the present circumstances. This is because, as acknowledged by the Court in its analysis, “procure” holds a number of other potential meanings (at [28]). The exercise of contractual interpretation requires courts to look at “both the text and context” of an agreement [emphasis added] and consider how the two interact with one another (Y.E.S. F&B Group Pte Ltd v Soup Restaurant Singapore Pte Ltd (formerly known as Soup Restaurant (Causeway Point) Pte Ltd) [2015] 5 SLR 1187 at [35]). The use of the word “procure” in this case must be seen against the wider backdrop of the 16 October Meeting.

61 By the time of the 16 October Meeting, events surrounding the Placement Agreement had irreversibly damaged the Oei’s and Chew’s relationship. Oei no longer considered Chew to be a friend. ¹³¹ The most peaceable way forward with regard to REC was either for Oei to buy out the Chews or vice versa. While Chew was not agreeable to either of these suggestions, he agreed to help Oei look for a buyer. He may have been motivated partly out of self-interest, to see the withdrawal of the Notice of Requisition and save himself a confrontation at an EGM although one that he was confident he would win, but also out of a desire to assist Oei and therefore make peace with him. The defendant’s position is that with this context in mind, the word “procure” would have referred to Chew using his “best efforts” to “try to find a buyer”. ¹³² This was not a definite obligation to ensure a deal would be concluded by 15 November 2017. The defendant says that this is also supported by contemporaneous correspondence between Chew and REC’s board members where Chew made clear that his arrangement with Oei was not legally binding. ¹³³

62 The plaintiffs contend that if this was truly what the parties had contemplated, Chew could have used alternative words such as “endeavour”. This would have been a more accurate reflection of the substance of his obligations. During cross-examination, Chew accepted that he could have recorded that he would “try to find a buyer”. ¹³⁴ He could have also made it explicit in the 16 October Note that the Agreement was not legally binding ¹³⁵ , ie, that it was not enforceable or not for use in court. He did not do so. The simple reason for this is that the word “procure” accurately captured his obligation to conclude a sale of the plaintiffs’ shares.

63 As I have already found, the 16 October Meeting was an informal gathering organised in the hope of reconciliation between Oei and Chew. I have also determined that the parties did not actively apply their minds to the significance of the words used in the 16 October Note (at [55] above). They would not have considered the various nuances and connotations to “procure” and why this may have been a preferable word choice over other possibilities. Assessing the parties’ use of “procure” in the context of the events of 16 October 2017, I find that they only intended that Chew would find a bona fide buyer for the plaintiffs by 15 November 2017. He was not obliged to ensure that a deal was concluded or that the plaintiffs’ shares would be sold by 15 November 2017. My reasons are as follows.

64 It is clear from the context of the discussions between Oei and Chew that the full terms of any sale and purchase agreement between that buyer and Oei would have to be negotiated as the Agreement only specified the price of the shares and no other term. Both Oei and Chew are experienced businessmen. They could not have contemplated that a transaction involving some $60m would be completed without the involvement of lawyers to sort out the compliance issues as well as the details of how payment would be effected. They would have expected that the buyer might need to obtain funding from a financial institution and there could be negotiations on the terms of payment. Indeed, there was such negotiation. Peng had initially offered to make payment in RMB on account of capital controls in China. However, Oei rejected this and they settled on payment in Singapore dollars (S$) in ten weekly instalments. There was also some toing and froing regarding the sale and purchase documentation. Chew presented a 10-page draft agreement for the sale and purchase to Oei, but the latter wanted it to be simplified to a single page document. Although Oei said in his affidavit of evidence-in-chief that he was not obliged to enter into such negotiations ¹³⁶ , this was not communicated to Chew at the time. Given the scale and nature of the transaction, it was a position that I do not think Oei could have held at the time.

65 Turning to the second question, whether Chew had fulfilled his obligation to find a bona fide buyer by 15 November 2017, I find that he had done so, for the reasons given below.

66 It is common ground that Chew provided Oei with the SPA for Oei to sign on 28 October 2017. The SPA provided for payment in ten weekly instalments with a transfer of the corresponding number of shares to take place at each payment. The SPA was a single page document in accordance with Oei’s request. However, Oei changed his mind and told Chew that he wanted Peng to pay a 20% deposit and the remaining payments to be in eight weekly instalments of 10%. Oei would transfer the first 10% of shares upon receipt of the first weekly instalment, with transfers of further 10% with each subsequent weekly instalment and the balance 30% would be transferred in the final weekly instalment. In short, Oei wanted a 20% down payment without any transfer of shares. He said that he would withdraw the Notice of Requisition only after receipt of the 20% deposit. Chew proceeded to communicate this to Peng who reverted to say that he no longer wished to proceed with the transaction.

67 The plaintiffs say that Chew could not have fulfilled his obligations because Peng’s offer was not genuine. The “clear and compelling inference” to be drawn from the circumstantial evidence is that Peng was not a real buyer and Chew was the person behind the alleged offer. ¹³⁷ Peng was Chew’s “puppet” or “nominee”. ¹³⁸ Oei’s evidence is that following the agreement for Peng to make payment in ten weekly instalments, Chew suggested that Doris could pay the first instalment to Sukma under the guise of a payment in connection with the sale of Sukma’s interest in a property in Switzerland. ¹³⁹ Peng would subsequently repay Doris. Oei produced his WhatsApp messages to Sukma in which Oei said that Chew was making use of her for this purpose. ¹⁴⁰

68 Oei’s allegations are denied by Chew. But Oei did not call Sukma to give evidence on the context of his WhatsApp messages to her, which on the face of it, contains protestations by Sukma that there was a bona fide intention by Chew to purchase her Swiss property. For reasons similar to those discussed at [45] above, the plaintiffs’ failure to call Sukma as a witness undermines Oei’s evidence on this point.

69 Indeed, Oei does not deny that he changed the terms previously agreed upon, ie, payment in ten weekly instalments with 10% of the shares to be transferred upon receipt of each instalment, to the requirement of a 20% down payment and transfer of the first 10% shares to be made only upon payment of the first weekly instalment. It was only after this change that Peng decided to pull out from the deal. Indeed, after Chew informed Oei of this, Oei told Chew that he was prepared to revert to the previous terms, but it was too late.

70 The situation can be summarised as follows. Peng was prepared to purchase the shares at the price stated and negotiations had reached the point where both parties agreed on payment by ten weekly instalments with 10% shares to be transferred on each instalment. However, Oei changed his mind at the last minute, which caused Peng to lose his patience and pull out. The issue is whether, in the circumstances, Chew had fulfilled his obligation under the Agreement to “procure a buyer”. It was Oei’s unreasonable behaviour that caused the deal to be called off by Peng. The parties could not have contemplated that Chew had to find a buyer who would patiently suffer Oei’s last minute requirements to significantly change the terms of the deal they had agreed upon. I therefore find that the defendant did not breach the Agreement.

71 Even if he did breach the Agreement, the defendant submits that the plaintiffs failed to mitigate their losses and are therefore not entitled to damages flowing from their own unreasonable actions. ¹⁴¹ In the course of negotiating the sale and purchase agreement with Peng, Oei should have either accepted payment in RMB, which was Peng’s original offer, or agreed to payment in ten weekly instalments. By insisting that Peng pay a deposit of 20% of the purchase price by 30 October 2017 and the balance in weekly instalments, which resulted in Peng backing out of the agreement, Oei did not take all reasonable steps to mitigate the plaintiffs’ losses (citing The “Asia Star” [2010] 2 SLR 1154 (“Asia Star”) at [24]). The plaintiffs contend that this argument is misconceived because the duty to mitigate only arises after an event of breach. ¹⁴² The defendant cannot rely on prior events to justify non-performance. In any case, the plaintiffs were under no obligation to accept payment in RMB or by way of instalments. The 16 October Note particularised the price in “SD”, ie, S$. ¹⁴³

72 The central inquiry at the heart of the principle of mitigation is whether an aggrieved party acted reasonably to mitigate its loss (Asia Star at [30]). The Court of Appeal in Asia Star held that the question that underpins the reasonableness inquiry is: “what a reasonable and prudent man in the trade … have done in the ordinary course of his business if he had been in the aggrieved party’s shoes” (citing Dunkirk Colliery Company v Lever (1878) 9 Ch D 20 at 25). It added that the standard of reasonableness required is not difficult to meet. An aggrieved party is not expected to “act in a way which exposes it to financial or moral hazard, such as taking steps which might jeopardise its commercial reputation or partaking in hazardous litigation…” (Asia Star at [31]).

73 It was known from the outset that Peng could not make a lump sum payment for the plaintiffs’ shares unless the transaction currency was RMB. It was the plaintiffs’ position that this constituted a breach of contract. Any analysis on damages must proceed on the basis that the plaintiffs’ position is correct, in that Chew’s failure to procure a buyer to complete the purchase of the plaintiff’s shares by 15 November 2017 constituted an actionable breach of the Agreement. Therefore, by 28 October 2017, there was no buyer in sight who could purchase the shares by 15 November 2017 and a breach was imminent. Peng was the only buyer willing to purchase the plaintiffs’ shares at the required premium but it was conditioned on payment in ten weekly instalments. Pursuant to this tentative arrangement, a sale and purchase agreement was drafted by Tham and vetted by Oei. By insisting on a substantial change to the SPA’s terms, ie, a 20% deposit, at the eleventh hour, Oei undid an arrangement that would have secured the plaintiffs’ desired purchase price of over $60m. I therefore agree with the defendant that, even if there was a breach, the plaintiffs had failed to mitigate their losses.

74 My findings above render it unnecessary to determine the appropriate measure of damages payable by the defendant, since the plaintiffs are not entitled to such relief. Nevertheless, for completeness, I shall set out the parties’ arguments and give my reasons for why the upper limit of the defendant’s quantification, $20,617,270, would have been appropriate had liability been established.

75 The parties agree that upon a breach of contract for the sale of shares, the default measure of damages is the difference between the contract price and the market price at the date of the breach ¹⁴⁴ (City Securities Pte Ltd (in liquidation) v Associated Management Services Pte Ltd [1996] 1 SLR(R) 410, at [18]) (the “market price rule”). The defendant says that there is no reason to depart from this position. The plaintiffs assert that the market price rule is displaced because there was “no available market”; there was insufficient demand to readily absorb their shares (ABD (Metals & Waste), Ltd v Anglo Chemical & Ore Company Ltd [1955] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 456 (“ABD”) at 465). ¹⁴⁵ Instead, the relevant market price should be the price at the end of the period taken to arrange a substitute sale. ¹⁴⁶ The historical data shows that from 15 November 2017, it took 117 trading days for the trading volume of REC’s shares to reach 136,629,600 shares (the number of shares owned by the plaintiffs). ¹⁴⁷ Referencing the volume weighted average price of REC shares during this period, the plaintiffs calculate that they would have received $33,569,215 from the sale of their shares. Accordingly, the appropriate measure of damages is the difference between this figure and the contract price ($60,117,024), which is $26,547,809. ¹⁴⁸

76 I cannot accept either of the parties’ starting positions. I do not agree with the plaintiffs’ characterisation that there was no available market at the material time, justifying a departure from the market price rule. The facts of ABD are helpful in illustrating my reasoning. ABD concerned a breach of contract for the sale of 200 tons of high-grade Italian electrolytic zinc of 99.97% purity. This high-grade zinc was not dealt with on the London Metal Exchange (at 465); the market traded on zinc with a purity of 98%. It would have been more difficult for the sellers to re-sell the zinc. Notwithstanding this, Sellers J held that there was an available market (at 466). It was not necessary to establish the existence of a physical market (eg, a fixed place or building). There were sufficient traders, who made deals off the London Metal Exchange, which dealt with this type of high-grade zinc. The takeaway from ABD is this: the fact that there is a potential difficulty in selling goods, due to either quantity or quality, does not mean there is insufficient demand and therefore no available market. A court may adopt a broad interpretation of “market” in making this determination. On the present facts, putting aside the size of the plaintiffs’ stake and the potential difficulties in selling this as one lot, there would have been an even greater likelihood of an available market than in ABD. This is because REC shares are publicly listed shares on the SGX, which offers a broad pool of potential buyers.

77 I am also unpersuaded by the other authority cited by the plaintiffs in furtherance of this argument. In Scandinavian Bunkering (Singapore) Pte Ltd v MISC Bhd [2015] 3 MLJ 753 (“Scandinavian Bunkering”), the parties entered into a fixed price bunker contract to purchase and accept delivery of 102,600 metric tons of marine fuel oil. Pursuant to this, the buyer took delivery of 20,334.59 metric tons of oil. However, following a significant decline in oil prices, the buyer wrongfully refused to accept any further deliveries. The Federal Court of Malaysia held that due to the declining market, the remaining marine oil could not have been disposed of in one lot (at [59]). The Court proceeded to calculate the appropriate measure of damages by determining the difference between the contract price and market price that the oil would have fetched if it had been sold in tranches from October to December 2008. This, the plaintiffs say, illustrates how courts adopt a “commercially realistic approach” in calculating damages where the market cannot absorb the asset at one go. ¹⁴⁹ I am not so certain. The contract between the parties in Scandinavian Bunkering stipulated delivery to take place over a period of three months – from October to December 2008 (at [7]). Seen in this context, the Court in Scandinavian Bunkering was not taking a rough and ready or pragmatic approach in computing damages. It simply considered the market price(s) over the original contractual timeframe for delivery. The contract in Scandinavian Bunkering is quite unlike the nature of the Agreement, which was to conclude the sale of the plaintiffs’ shares by a specific date. The case does not assist the plaintiffs’ argument for a departure from the market price rule.

78 While I have thus far expressed my unease with departing from the market price rule, there are also difficulties with the defendant’s submission. The defendant’s position is that there is no legal basis for applying a blockage discount to the quantum of damages derived via the market price rule. The definition of a blockage discount is set out by the plaintiffs’ expert Mr Lie Kok Keong (“Mr Lie”) in his expert report (citing Pratt, Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, (Wiley, 2nd Ed, 2012) at pp 118─119: ¹⁵⁰

Blockage discounts can apply to publicly traded stock, real estate or collections of personal property. ¹⁵¹ They are most commonly seen in determining fair market value for gift and estate tax purposes but may operate in “other contexts as well”. ¹⁵² In addition, there are no “hard and fast rules for quantifying blockage discounts … each case must be analysed on its specific facts and circumstances”. ¹⁵³

79 It is undisputed that the plaintiffs own a sizeable block of REC’s shares, the second largest after the Chews. While there may have been an available market on the SGX, they would have faced difficulties in selling a 12.88% stake at one go. The defendant’s own expert Mr James Nicholson (“Mr Nicholson”) considered that “given the size of the [plaintiffs’] shareholding, if the [plaintiffs’] shares were sold in their entirety on [15 November 2017], the market price of their shares … may reflect a blockage discount”. ¹⁵⁴ There is also nothing to suggest that the plaintiffs’ shares fall within a category to which blockage discounts should not apply. On balance, I consider that a blockage discount would have been applied to a sale of the plaintiffs’ shares. I therefore turn to quantifying this discount.

80 On this point, the parties rely on their respective expert reports. Mr Lie is a chartered accountant with more than 24 years’ experience in valuing assets such as businesses and shares. ¹⁵⁵ Mr Nicholson is a chartered financial analyst with a comparable scope of experience. ¹⁵⁶ The experts arrived at different blockage discount ranges using different methodologies. It is helpful to set out these differences in some detail.

81 Mr Lie determined that the appropriate blockage discount range was 9% to 25.55%. ¹⁵⁷ He calculated the lower bound of his range using data from the listing of the Placement Shares (8.96% of REC’s issued share capital) on 12 October 2017, pursuant to the Placement Agreement. The Placement Shares were listed at $0.30 per share, a discount of approximately 9% to the volume weight average price of $0.3298 on the SGX. ¹⁵⁸ Mr Lie considered this a useful reference because the Placement Shares were placed only about a month before the material date for the assessment of damages, 15 November 2017. Further, because the Placement Shares exceeded the daily trading volume of REC’s shares, the discount offered by REC would be relevant in determining the appropriate discount for an even larger parcel of shares. Minimally, the blockage discount on the plaintiffs’ shares would have had to be higher than 9%.

82  As for the upper bound of his range, Mr Lie took a two-step approach. First, he referred to the research of Dr Shannon P Pratt (“Dr Pratt”), a well-known authority in the field of business valuation. More specifically, Mr Lie looked at Dr Pratt’s study of nine American tax cases where blockage discounts of between 3.30% and 27.50% had been applied. Using this range, Mr Lie preliminarily concluded that the appropriate range in the present case should be between 9% and 27.5%. He then undertook a second stage of analysis, envisaging a scenario where the plaintiffs’ shares would have been sold in parcels over a period from 15 November 2017 (the “dribble out method”). I pause to note that this differs from the factual premise on which he based his initial calculations (9% and 27.5%), the plaintiffs’ shares being sold as an entire block. ¹⁵⁹ Mr Lie used the same method of calculation at [75] to determine that the plaintiffs would have received approximately $33.57m from the sale of their shares. This is an average price of $0.25 per share, a 25.55% discount to the price of $0.33 per share. He used this second figure to adjust his upper bound value downwards. Applying his blockage discount range, Mr Lie calculated that the resulting range for damages is $19.09m to $26.55m. ¹⁶⁰

83 In estimating the applicable blockage discount, Mr Nicholson also relied on REC’s placement of the Placement Shares. In fact, in his view, this provides the strongest evidence of the blockage discount that would have applied to the plaintiffs’ shares because it considers the specific characteristics of REC’s shares. In addition, as a means of cross-checking his conclusions, Mr Nicholson also considered: ¹⁶¹

(a) The discounts implied by 46 private placements conducted by other companies listed on the SGX.

(b) Discounts discussed in financial textbooks.

(c) Precedents from American tax cases, where relevant.

He determined that a reasonable blockage discount would have been in the range of 9% to 13%. ¹⁶²

84 Separately, Mr Nicholson considered that the price of the plaintiffs’ shares would also have reflected a control premium. The definition of a control premium is set out in his report: ¹⁶³

For these reasons, controlling shareholdings are considered to be worth more than their pro rata value. Although typically applied to majority stakes of more than 50%, Mr Nicholson noted that control premiums are also applied to smaller stakes, where those stakes confer a degree of control or influence over company operations. Given the plaintiffs’ ability to call an EGM and call for Chew’s resignation ¹⁶⁴ , he determined a small control premium of 0% to 2% was applicable to the plaintiffs’ shares. Applying this premium to his initial blockage discount range, Mr Nicholson concluded that there would have been a net discount of 7% to 13% applied to the plaintiffs’ shares. This translates to a range of $17,893,149 to $20,617,270 in damages.

85 Mr Lie did not consider the applicability of a control premium in his report. In his oral evidence, he explained that, in his view, the size of the plaintiffs’ stake does not give them a level of control that is deserving of a premium. ¹⁶⁵ The plaintiffs assert that Mr Nicholson’s application of a control premium is flawed. ¹⁶⁶ During cross-examination, Mr Nicholson conceded that none of the factors is indicative of a controlling interest, as defined in his report (at [84]), are present in respect of the plaintiffs’ shares. ¹⁶⁷ The mere fact that the plaintiffs were able to requisition an EGM does not mean that they had a degree of influence over REC’s operations. Mr Nicholson’s assertion that a controlling interest could even be held by a shareholder with a 10% stake, the minimum required to call an EGM pursuant to s 176(1) of the CA, further detracts from the plausibility of his position. ¹⁶⁸

86 In line with my findings at [39], it is unlikely that there was any significant pressure applied on REC’s management via the Notice of Requisition. If there was pressure, it is also uncertain whether this would have been due to the size of the plaintiffs’ stake, as opposed to Oei’s business personality and the nature of his relationship with Chew. In any case, the disagreement between the parties on this point is somewhat academic. Mr Nicholson’s own position is that the control premium may well have been 0%. This would place his lower bound value at 9%, the same value identified by Mr Lie. Taking into consideration the discount on the Placement Shares, it is relatively certain that the blockage discount on the plaintiffs’ shares would have been greater than 9%. The question which remains is, how much greater?

87 In my view, a blockage discount of 13%, as put forward by Mr Nicholson, is appropriate. Mr Nicholson primarily arrived at this figure via linear extrapolation, using the blockage discount applied to the Placement Shares as a point of reference. ¹⁶⁹ While he accepts that “the relationship between the size of the stake and the size of the applicable blockage discount is unlikely to be perfectly linear … it is reasonable to assume a linear relationship in this case, given the relatively small difference in the size of the two stakes”. ¹⁷⁰ The plaintiffs regard this as illogical, uncommercial and unprincipled. ¹⁷¹ I disagree. The assessment of any applicable blockage discount is not a precise mathematical exercise. The experts can only make educated guesses as to what would have happened had the plaintiffs’ shares been listed on 15 November 2017. When cross-examined on this point, Mr Nicholson clarified that he was not proposing a general method for assessing blockage damages. ¹⁷² In the present case, there was historical data available indicating that a discount of 9% had been applied to a 9% block of REC shares, not long before the material assessment date. Both experts considered this data relevant in the calculation of their blockage discounts. I accept Mr Nicholson’s reasoning that a 12.88% stake would have attracted “a slightly larger discount” ¹⁷³ and that 13% reflects a reasonable estimate.

88 It is also important to highlight that Mr Nicholson cross-checked his figure of 13% against other cases/resources, as set out at [83(a)] to [83(c)]. None of the blockage discounts applied in those case studies exceeded 15%. This dispels notions that Mr Nicholson’s figure is grossly off the mark. Applying a 13% discount to a 12.88% share value is a fair extrapolation based on data from the listing of the Placement Shares.

89 Even if I were inclined to reject the figure put forward by Mr Nicholson, there are inherent difficulties with Mr Lie’s methodology. The first is his heavy dependence on Dr Pratt’s research. In his report, Mr Lie acknowledges that blockage discounts are “based on the facts and circumstances of each case”. ¹⁷⁴ Yet he premised his initial upper bound value of 27.5% entirely on Dr Pratt’s research. No analysis was done on how this research is applicable to the present factual matrix. Further, Dr Pratt’s study focused on blockage discounts in the context of American tax cases. This presents a difficulty because, as noted by Mr Nicholson in his report, a number of these cases involved shares that were subject to the US Securities Exchange Commission’s trading restrictions. ¹⁷⁵ Shares subject to such restrictions are considered less valuable than freely traded shares. Separately, four of the cases considered by Mr Lie did not involve publicly traded shares in a listed entity; one related to the sale of real estate properties and three involved shares being traded over the counter rather than being listed on a public exchange. ¹⁷⁶ Given these notable factual differences, the American cases are not a reliable guide in determining the applicable blockage discount.

90 The second main issue with Mr Lie’s upper bound value relates to his use of the dribble out method. As I have alluded to above, Mr Lie used two different premises to determine the range of his blockage discount. Whilst the calculation of his lower bound value assumed the plaintiffs’ shares as having been sold as a block on 15 November 2017, he relied on hindsight information, details of REC’s share price and trading volume after 15 November 2017, to determine his upper bound of 25.55%. ¹⁷⁷ The plaintiffs submit that Mr Lie’s methodology is not a conflation of approaches but a sequential process. ¹⁷⁸ The dribble out method narrows the range of the blockage discount by calculating the exact amount the plaintiffs would have received from the sale of their shares. This explanation does not address the fact that Mr Lie’s upper bound value is derived from a conceptually different starting point.

91 There are also practical difficulties with relying on the dribble out method. The transaction data post 15 November 2017 relates to the trading of REC shares by a number of other shareholders. It does not accurately reflect a situation of a single shareholder seeking to sell their stock. ¹⁷⁹ Using this data to quantify the sale price of the plaintiffs’ shares is therefore an artificial exercise. The use of such data also risks potentially arbitrary conclusions. As noted by Mr Nicholson: ¹⁸⁰

The thrust of the argument is this: the dribble out method provides no instruction on what the blockage discount should be, based on the available market information as of 15 November 2017. It only describes what it could have been, with the benefit of hindsight. I must stress that this is not to say valuation can never be done with the benefit of hindsight. “In an appropriate case [a court may take] account of what is known of the outcome of [a future] contingency at the time that the assessment falls to be made …” (Ageas (UK) Limited v Kwik-Fit (GB) Limited and another [2014] EWHC 2178 (QB) at [35]). This is not such a case. Until today, the plaintiffs have not sold their shares; the future contingency has not come to pass. Mr Lie’s dribble out analysis only takes him into the realm of unnecessary speculation.

92 I therefore find that, in the event of liability, the appropriate quantum of damages payable by the defendant would be the sum of $20,617,270. This is calculated by way of the market price rule with an applicable blockage discount of 13%. For the present purpose, I do not consider it necessary to address the issue of interest.

93 For the reasons above, I dismiss the plaintiffs’ claim in its entirety. I will hear counsel on the issue of costs.